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appropriate to complex systems.
60 Root Cause
Analysis
This method identifies causal factors
to accident or near-miss incidents.
This technique goes beyond the direct
causes to identify fundamental
reasons for the fault or failure.
Any accident or incident should be
formally investigated to determine
the contributors of the unplanned
event.
The root cause is underlying
contributing causes for observed
deficiencies that should be
documented in the findings of an
investigation.
61 Safety Review A Safety Review assesses a system,
identify facility conditions, or
evaluate operator procedures for
hazards in design, the operations, or
the associated maintenance.
Periodic inspections of a system,
operation, procedure, or process are
a valuable way to determine their
safety integrity.
A Safety Review might be
conducted after a significant or
catastrophic event has occurred.
62 Scenario Analysis Scenario Analysis identifies and
corrects hazardous situation by
postulating accident scenarios where
credible and physically logical
Scenarios provide a conduit for
brainstorming or to test a theory in
where actual implementation could
have catastrophic results.
Where system features are novel,
subsequently, no historical data is
available for guidance or
comparison, a Scenario Analysis
may provide insight.
63 The Sequentially-
Timed Events Plot
Investigation
System (STEP)
This method is used to define
systems; analyze system operations
to discover, assess, and find
problems; find and assess options to
eliminate or control problems;
monitor future performance; and
investigate accidents.
In accident investigation a sequential
time of events may give critical
insight into documenting and
determining causes of an accident.
The technique is universally
appropriate.
64 Single-Point
Failure Analysis
This technique is to identify those
failures, that would produce a
catastrophic event in items of injury
or monetary loss if they were to occur
by themselves
This approach is applicable to
hardware systems, software
systems, and formalized human
operator systems
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 9: Analysis Techniques
December 30, 2000
9 - 27
No. Methods and/or
Techniques
Summary Applicability and Use
65 Sneak-Circuit
Analysis
Sneak-Circuit Analysis identifies
unintended paths or control sequences
that may result in undesired events or
inappropriately time events.
This technique is applicable to
control and energy-delivery delivery
circuits of all kinds, whether
electronic/electrical, pneumatic, or
hydraulic.
66 Software Failure
Modes and Effects
Analysis
This technique identifies software
related design deficiencies through
analysis of process flow-charting. It
also identifies areas for
verification/validation and test
evaluation.
Software is embedded into vital and
critical systems of current as well as
future aircraft, facilities, and
equipment.
This methodology can be used for
any software process; however,
application to software controlled
hardware systems is the predominate
application. It can be used to
analyze control, sequencing, timing
monitoring, and the ability to take a
system from an unsafe to a safe
condition.
67 Software Fault
Tree Analysis
This technique is employed to
identify the root cause(s) of a “top”
undesired event. To assure adequate
protection of safety critical functions
by inhibits interlocks, and/or
hardware.
Any software process at any level of
development or change can be
analyzed deductively. However, the
predominate application is software
controlled hardware systems.
68 Software Hazard
Analysis
The purpose of this technique is to
identify, evaluate, and eliminate or
mitigate software hazards by means
of a structured analytical approach
that is integrated into the software
development process.
This practice is universally
appropriate to software systems.
69 Software Sneak
Circuit Analysis
Software Sneak Circuit Analysis
(SSCA) is designed to discover
program logic that could cause
undesired program outputs or
inhibits, or incorrect
sequencing/timing.
The technique is universally
appropriate to any software
program.
70 Structural Safety
　
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