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- Supply historical data
- Review contractor system safety effort/data
- Ensure specifications are updated with test analyses results
- Establish and operate system safety groups.
• Software hazard analyses are a flow down requirements process
followed by an upward flow verification process
• Four elements of an effective SSP:
- Planned approach to accomplish tasks
- Qualified people
- Authority to implement tasks through all levels of
management
- Appropriate manning/funding.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-1
Appendix F
ORM Details and Examples
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-2
1.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TOOLS, DETAILS AND EXAMPLES
Chapter 15 summarizes the Operational Risk Management methodology. This Appendix provides
examples of those tools, as they are applied to the ORM process:
·  Hazard Identification
·  Risk Assessment
·  Risk Control Option Analysis
·  Risk Control Decisions
·  Risk Control Implementation
·  Supervision and Review
1.1 PRIMARY HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TOOLS
The seven described in this appendix are considered the basic set of hazard identification tools to be
applied on a day-to-day basis in organizations at all levels. These tools have been chosen for the following
reasons:
They are simple to use, though they require some training.
They have been proven effective.
Widespread application has demonstrated they can and will be used by operators and will consistently be
perceived as positive.
As a group, they complement each other, blending the intuitive and experiential with the more structured
and rigorous.
They are well supported with worksheets and job aids.
In an organization with a mature ORM culture, the use of these tools by all personnel will be regarded as
the natural course of events. The norm will be “Why would I even consider exposing myself and others to
the risks of this activity before I have identified the hazards involved using the best procedures or designs
available?” The following pages describe each tool using a standard format with models and examples.
1.1.1 THE OPERATIONS ANALYSIS AND FLOW DIAGRAM
FORMAL NAME: The Operations Analysis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES: The flow diagram, flow chart, operation timeline
PURPOSE: The Operations Analysis (OA) provides an itemized sequence of events or a flow diagram
depicting the major events of an operation. This assures that all elements of the operation are evaluated as
potential sources of risk. This analysis overcomes a major weaknesses of traditional risk management,
which tends to focus effort on one or two aspects of an operation that are intuitively identified as risky,
often to the exclusion of other aspects that may actually be riskier. The Operations Analysis also guides
the allocation of risk management resources over time as an operation unfolds event by event in a
systematic manner.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-3
APPLICATION: The Operations Analysis or flow diagram is used in nearly all risk management
applications, including the most time-critical situations. It responds to the key risk management question
“What am I facing here and from where can risk arise?”
METHOD: Whenever possible, the Operations Analysis is taken directly from the planning of the
operation. It is difficult to imagine planning an operation without identifying the key events in a time
sequence. If for some reason such a list is not available, the analyst creates it using the best available
understanding of the operation. The best practice is to break down the operation into time-sequenced
segments strongly related by tasks and activities. Normally, this is well above the detail of individual
tasks. It may be appropriate to break down aspects of an operation that carry obviously higher risk into
more detail than less risky areas. The product of an OA is a compilation of the major events of an
operation in sequence, with or without time checks. An alternative to the Operations Analysis is the flow
diagram. Commonly used symbols are provided at Figure 1.1.1A. Putting the steps of the process on
index cards or sticky-back note paper allows the diagram to be rearranged without erasing and redrawing,
thus encouraging contributions.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-4
Figure 1.1.1A Example Flow Chart Symbols
SYMBOL REPRESENTS EXAMPLE
START
RECEIVE TASKING
BEGIN TRIP
OPEN CHECKLIST
ACTIVITY
OPERATION PLANNING
　
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