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START CAR
STEP ONE IN CHECKLIST
DECISION POINT
(OR)
YES/NO
APPROVE/DISAPPROVE
PASS/FAIL
FORK / SPLIT
(AND)
PREPOSTION VEHICLES AND SUPPLIES
RELEASE CLUTCH AND PRESS
ACCELERATOR OBSERVE FLIGHT
CONTROLS WHILE MOVING STICK
END
FINAL REPORT
ARRIVE AT DESTINATION
AIRCRAFT ACCEPTED
RESOURCES: The key resource for the Operations Analysis are the operational planners. Using their
operational layout will facilitate the integration of risk controls in the main operational plan and will
eliminate the expenditure of duplicate resources on this aspect of hazard identification.
COMMENTS: Look back on your own experience. How many times have you been surprised or seen
others surprised because they overlooked possible sources of problems? The OA is the key to minimizing
this source of accidents.
THE PLANNING PHASE
If more detail and more structured examination of the operational flow are desired, the flow diagram can
be used. This diagram will add information through the use of graphic symbols. A flow diagram of the
planning phase above might be developed as illustrated in Figure 1.1.1B below.
·  Initial Intelligence Received (Maps, Facility Lists, Environment, Etc.
·  Advance Party Dispatched
·  Advance Party Data Received
·  Deployment Planning Underway
·  Deployment Preparations Initiated
·  Initial Operation Planning Underway
·  Contingency Planning Underway
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-5
Figure 1.1.1B Example Flow Diagram
Intelligence
Tasks
Gather initial
Intelligence
Dispatch advance
team
Deployment
planning Initial planning
Contingency
planning
Start Plans complete
The flow diagram can be used
as an ORM planning tool.
Indicate ORM actions in
connection with each activity.
Get ORM data
Protect the Team
1.1.2 THE PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS
FORMAL NAME: Preliminary Hazard Analysis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES: The PHA, the PHL
PURPOSE: The PHA provides an initial overview of the hazards present in the overall flow of the
operation. It provides a hazard assessment that is broad, but usually not deep. The key idea of the PHA is
to consider the risk inherent to every aspect of an operation. The PHA helps overcome the tendency to
focus immediately on risk in one aspect of an operation, sometimes at the expense of overlooking more
serious issues elsewhere in the operation. The PHA will often serve as the hazard identification process
when risk is low or routine. In higher risk operations, it serves to focus and prioritize follow-on hazard
analyses by displaying the full range of risk issues.
APPLICATION: The PHA is used in nearly all risk management applications except the most timecritical.
Its broad scope is an excellent guide to the identification of issues that may require more detailed
hazard identification tools.
METHOD: The PHA is usually based on the Operations Analysis or flow diagram, taking each event in
turn from it. Analysts apply their experience and intuition, use reference publications and standards of
various kinds, and consult with personnel who may have useful input. The extent of the effort is dictated
by resource and time limitations, and by the estimate of the degree of overall risk inherent in the
operation. Hazards that are detected are often listed directly on a copy of the Operations Analysis as
shown at Figure 1.1.2A. Alternatively, a more formal PHA format such as the worksheet shown at Figure
1.1.2B can be used. Operations Analysis. The completed PHA is used to identify hazards requiring more
in-depth hazard identification or it may lead directly to the remaining five steps of the ORM process, if
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-6
hazard levels are judged to be low. Key to the effectiveness of the PHA is assuring that all events of the
operation are covered.
Figure 1.1.2A Building the PHA directly From the Operations Analysis Flow Diagram
Operational Phase Hazards
RESOURCES: The two key resources for the PHA are the expertise of personnel actually experienced in
the operation and the body of regulations, standards, and instructions that may be available. The PHA
can be accomplished in small groups to broaden the List the operational phases vertically down the page.
Be sure to leave plenty of space on the worksheet between each phase to allow several hazards to be noted
for each phase. List the hazards noted for each operational phase. Strive for detail within the limits
imposed by time. A copy of a PHA accomplished for an earlier similar operation would aid in the
　
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