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provided for a runway where the code letter is D or E, and the
runway width is less than 60 m.
Chapter 3
3.2.2 Recommendation.- Runway shoulders should be
provided for a runway where the code letter is E
Width of runway shoulders
3.2.3 Recommendation.- The runway shoulders should
extend symmetrically on each side of the runway so that the
overall width of the runway and its shoulders is not less than:
- 60 rn where the code letter is D or E; and
- 75 m where the code letter is 1;:
Slopes on runway shoulders
3.2.4 Recommendation.- The su$ace of the shoulder
that abuts the runway should beflush with the su$ace of the
runway and its transverse slope should not exceed 2.5 per
cent.
Strength of runway shoulders
3.2.5 Recommendation.- A runway shoulder should be
prepared or constructed so as to be capable, in the event of an
aeroplane running offthe runway, of supporting the aeroplane
without inducing structural damage to the aeroplane and of
supporting ground vehicles which may operate on the
shoulder.
Note.- Guidance on strength of runway shoulders is given
in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 1.
Annex I4 - Aerodromes
3.3 Runway turn pads
General
3.3.1 Where the end of a runway is not served by a
taxiway or a taxiway turnaround and where the code letter is
D, E or F, a runway turn pad shall be provided to facilitate a
180-degree tum of aeroplanes. (See Figure 3-1.)
3.3.2 Recommendation.- Where the end of a runway is
not served by a taxiway or a taxiway turnaround and where
the code letter is A, B or C, a runway turn pad should be
provided to facilitate a I80-degree turn of aeroplanes.
Note 1 .- Such areas may also be usefil if provided along
a runway to reduce taxiing time and distance for aeroplanes
which may not require thefill length of the runway.
Note 2.- Guidance on the design of the runway turn pa&
is available in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part I.
Guidance on taxiway turnaround as an alternate facility is
available in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2.
3.3.3 Recommendation.- The runway turn pad may be
located on either the left or right side of the runway and
adjoining the runway pavement at both en& of the runway and
at some intermediate locations where deemed necessaly.
Note.- The initiation of the turn would be facilitated by
locating the turn pad on the left side of the runway, since the
left seat is the normal position of the pilot-in-command.
3.3.4 Recommendation.- The intersection angle of the
runway turn pad with the runway should not exceed 30
degrees.
Figure 3-1. Typical turn pad layout
3-5
Annex 14 -Aerodromes Volume I
3.3.5 Recommendation.- The nose wheel steering
angle to be used in the design of the runway turn pad should
not exceed 45 degrees.
3.3.6 The design of a runway turn pad shall be such that,
when the cockpit of the aeroplane for which the turn pad is
intended remains over the turn pad marking, the clearance
distance between any wheel of the aeroplane landing gear and
the edge of the turn pad shall be not less than that given by the
following tabulation:
Code letter Clearance
C 3 m if the turn pad is inte'nded to be
used by aeroplanes with a wheel
base less than 18 m;
4.5 m if the turn pad is intended to be
used by aeroplanes with a wheel
base equal to or greater than 18.m.
Note.- Wheel base means the distance from the nose gear
to the geometric centre of the main geal:
3.3.7 Recommendation.- Where severe weather
conditions and resultant lowering of su$ace friction
characteristics prevail, a larger wheel-to-edge clearance of
6 m should be provided where the code letter is E or I?
Note.- Where a runway turn pad is provided with jlexible
pavement, the surface would need to be capable of
withstanding the horizontal shear forces exerted by the main
landing gear tires during turning manoeuvres.
Surface of runway turn pads
3.3.10 Recommendation.- The su@ce of a runway
turn pad should not have su$ace irregularities that may cause
damage to an aeroplane using the turn pad.
3.3.11 Recommendation.- The su$ace of a runway
turn pad should be so constructed as to provide good friction
characteristics for aeroplanes using the facility when the
su$ace is wet.
Shoulders for runway turn pads
3.3.12 Recommendation.- The runway turn pa&
should be provided with shoulders of such width as is
necessaly to prevent sugace erosion by the jet blast of the
most demanding aeroplane for which the turn pad is intended,
and any possible foreign object damage to the aeroplane
　
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