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an RA aimed at ensuring adequate separation below some threat(s) and above some other threatts).
Resolution advisory (RA). An indication given to the flight crew recommending;
a) a manoeuvre intended lo provide separation from all threats; or
b) a manoeuvre restriction intended to maintain existing separation.
Resolution advisory complement (RAC). Information provided by one ACAS to another via a Mode S interrogation in
order to ensure complementary manoeuvres by restricting the choice of manoeuvres available to the ACAS receiving
the RAC.
Resolution advisory co~rrplemcntsr ec~rd(R AG record). A composite of all currently active vertical RACs (VRCs) and
horizontal RACs (HRCs) that have been received by ACAS. This information is provided by one ACAS to another
ACAS or to a Mode S ground station via a Mode S reply.
Resolution advisory strength. The magnitude of the manoeuvre indicated by the RA. An RA may take on several
successive strengths before being cancelled. Once a new RA strength is issued, the previous one automatically becomes
void.
Resolution message. The message containing the resolution advisory complement (RAC).
Reversed Sense RA. A resolution advisory that has had its sense reversed.
Sensitivity level (S). An integer defining a set of parameters used by the traffic advisory (TA) and collision avoidance
algorithms to control the warning time provided by the potential threat and threat detection logic, as well as the values
of parameters relevant to the RA selection logic.
Threat. An intruder deserving special attention either because of its close proximity to own aircraft or because successive
range and altitude measurements indicate that it could be on a collision or near-collision course with own aircraft. The
warning time provided against a threat js sufficiently small that an RA is justified.
Chapter 4 Annex I0 - Aeronautical ~elecornmunications
Xrack. A sequence of at least threc measurements representing positions that could reasonably have been occupied by an
aircraft.
Traffic advis~ly(T A). An indication given to thc flight crew that a certain intruder is a potential threat.
Vertical speed limit (VSL) RA. A resolution advisory advising the pilot to avoid a given range of altitude rates. A VSL
RA can be either corrective or preventive.
Warning time. The time interval between potential threat or threat detection and closest approach when neither aircraft
accelerates.
4.2 ACAS I GENERAL PROVISIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
4.2.1 Functional requirements. ACAS I shall perform the following functions:
a) surveillance of nearby SSR transponder-equipped aircraft'; and
b) provide indications to h e flight crew identifying the approximate position of nearby aircraft as an aid to visual
acquisition.
Note.- ACAS I is intended ro operate using Mode A/C interrogations only. Furthermore, it does not coordinate with
other ACAS. Therefore, a Mode S transponder is not required as a part of an ACAS I installation.
4.2.2 Signalformat. The RF characCeristics of all ACAS I signals shall conform to the provisions of Chapter 3, 3.1.1.1
through 3.1.1.6 and 3.1.2.1 through 3.1.2.4.
4.2.3 Interference control
4.2.3.1 Maximunz radiated RFpower: The effective radiated powcr of an ACAS 1 transmission at 0 dcgree elevation
relative to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft shall not excced 24 dBW.
4.2.3.2 Unwanted radiated power: When ACAS I is not transmitting an interrogation, the effective radiated powcr in
any direction shall not exceed -70 dBm.
Note.- This requirement is to ensure that, when not transnzitting an intermgatzon, ACAS 1 cloes not radiate RF energy
rhat could interfere with, or redlice the sensrtivity ofi the SSR transponder or radlo cquzpment zn other nearby aircraft or
ground facilities.
4.2.3.3 Intcderence linziting. Each ACAS I interrogator shall control its interrogation rate or powcr or both in all SSR
modes to minimize interhence effects (4.2.3.3.3 and 4.2.3.3.4).
Note.- These linzits are a nlerrlzs of ensuring that all interference effects resulting fronz these interrogations, together
bvitlz the interrogations from all otlzer ACAS I, ACAS I1 and ACAS III interragators in the vicinip are kept to a law I~wel.
4.2.3.3.1 Deterrnination of own transponder reply rate. ACAS I shall monitor the ratc that own transponder replies
to interrogations to ensure thal the provisions in 4.2.3.3.3 are met.
4.2.3.3.2 Deterrni~zation of the number of ACAS ll and ACAS III iiizterrogutors. ACAS I shall count the number
of ACAS I1 and ACAS I11 interrogators in thc vicinity to ensure that the provisions in 4.2.3.3.3 or 4.2.3.3.4 are met.
This count shall be obtained by monitoring ACAS broadcasts (UF = 16), (4.3.7.1.2.4) and shall bc updalcd as thc
number of distinct ACAS aircraft addresses received within the previous 20-s period at a nominal frequency of at
　
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