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45.3.4.4 No Traffic. No intruders meet proximate or alert criteria. This condition may exist when the TIS system is fully functional or may indicate “coasting” between 12 and 59 seconds old (see paragraph 45.3.4.3 above).
45.3.4.5 TIS Unavailable. The pilot has requested TIS, but no ground system is available. This condition will also be displayed when TIS uplinks are missing for 60 seconds or more.
45.3.4.6 TIS Disabled. The pilot has not requested TIS or has disconnected from TIS.
45.3.4.7 Good.bye. The client aircraft has flown outside of TIS coverage.
NOTE.
Depending on the avionics manufacturer implementation, it is possible that some of these messages will not be directly available to the pilot.
45.3.5 Depending on avionics system design, TIS may be presented to the pilot in a variety of different displays, including text and/or graphics. Voice annunciation may also be used, either alone or in combination with a visual display. FIG ENR 1.1.31, Traffic Information Service (TIS), Avionics Block Diagram, shows an example of a TIS display using symbology similar to the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) installed on most passenger air carrier/commuter aircraft in the U.S. The small symbol in the center represents the client aircraft and the display is oriented “track up,” with the 12 o’clock position at the top. The range rings indicate 2 and 5 NM. Each intruder is depicted by a symbol positioned at the approximate relative bearing and range from the client aircraft. The circular symbol near the center indicates an “alert” intruder and the diamond symbols indicate “proxi-mate” intruders.
45.3.6 The inset in the lower right corner of FIG ENR 1.1.31, Traffic Information Service (TIS), Avionics Block Diagram, shows a possible TIS data block display. The following information is con-tained in this data block:
45.3.6.1 The intruder, located approximately four o’clock, three miles, is a “proximate” aircraft and currently not a collision threat to the client aircraft. This is indicated by the diamond symbol used in this example.
45.3.6.2 The intruder ground track diverges to the right of the client aircraft, indicated by the small arrow.
45.3.6.3 The intruder altitude is 700 feet less than or below the client aircraft, indicated by the “.07” located under the symbol.
45.3.6.4 The intruder is descending >500 fpm, indicated by the downward arrow next to the “.07” relative altitude information. The absence of this arrow when an altitude tag is present indicates level flight or a climb/descent rate less than 500 fpm.
NOTE.
If the intruder did not have an operating altitude encoder (Mode C), the altitude and altitude trend “tags” would have been omitted.
45.4 Limitations
45.4.1 TIS is NOT intended to be used as a collision avoidance system and does not relieve the pilot responsibility to “see and avoid” other aircraft (see paragraph 42.10, See and Avoid). TIS shall not be for avoidance maneuvers during IMC or other times when there is no visual contact with the intruder aircraft. TIS provides proximity warning only, to assist the pilot in the visual acquisition of intruder aircraft. It is intended for use by aircraft in which TCAS is not required. No recommended avoidance maneuvers are provided for, nor authorized, as a direct result of a TIS intruder display or TIS alert.
45.4.2 TIS does not alter or diminish the pilot’s basic authority and responsibility to ensure safe flight. Since TIS does not respond to aircraft which are not transponder equipped, aircraft with a transponder failure, or aircraft out of radar coverage, TIS alone does not ensure safe separation in every case.
45.4.3 At this time, no air traffic service nor handling is predicated on the availability of TIS equipment in the aircraft.

45.4.4 While TIS is a useful aid to visual traffic avoidance, it has some system limitations that must be fully understood to ensure proper use. Many of these limitations are inherent in secondary radar surveillance. In other words, the information provided by TIS will be no better than that provided to ATC. Other limitations and anomalies are associated with the TIS predictive algorithm.
45.4.4.1 Intruder Display Limitations. TIS will only display aircraft with operating transponders installed. TIS relies on surveillance of the Mode S radar, which is a “secondary surveillance” radar similar to the ATCRBS described in paragraph 37.2, Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS).
45.4.4.2 TIS Client Altitude Reporting Require-ment. Altitude reporting is required by the TIS client aircraft in order to receive TIS. If the altitude encoder is inoperative or disabled, TIS will be unavailable, as TIS requests will not be honored by the ground system. As such, TIS requires altitude reporting to determine the Proximity Coverage Volume as indicated in FIG ENR 1.1.29. TIS users must be alert to altitude encoder malfunctions, as TIS has no mechanism to determine if client altitude reporting is correct. A failure of this nature will cause erroneous and possibly unpredictable TIS operation. If this malfunction is suspected, confirmation of altitude reporting with ATC is suggested.
　
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