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Departure.................................................................10-31
En Route..................................................................10-32
Arrival.....................................................................10-33
Chapter 11
Emergency Operations......................................11-1
Introduction...................................................................11-1
Unforecast Adverse Weather........................................11-2
Inadvertent Thunderstorm Encounter........................11-2
Inadvertent Icing Encounter......................................11-2
Precipitation Static....................................................11-3
Aircraft System Malfunctions.......................................11-3
Electronic Flight Display Malfunction......................11-4
Alternator/Generator Failure.....................................11-4
Techniques for Electrical Usage...............................11-5
xvi
Master Battery Switch...........................................11-5
Operating on the Main Battery..............................11-5
Loss of Alternator/Generator for Electronic Flight
Instrumentation..........................................................11-5
Techniques for Electrical Usage...............................11-6
Standby Battery.....................................................11-6
Operating on the Main Battery..............................11-6
Analog Instrument Failure............................................11-6
Pneumatic System Failure.............................................11-7
Pitot/Static System Failure............................................11-7
Communication/Navigation System Malfunction........11-8
GPS Nearest Airport Function......................................11-9
Nearest Airports Using the PFD................................11-9
Additional Information for a Specific Airport.......11-9
Nearest Airports Using the MFD............................11-10
Navigating the MFD Page Groups......................11-10
Nearest Airport Page Group................................11-10
Nearest Airports Page Soft Keys.........................11-10
Situational Awareness.................................................11-11
Traffic Avoidance....................................................11-12
Appendix A
Clearance Shorthand..........................................A-1
Appendix B
Instrument Training Lesson Guide....................B-1
Glossary...............................................................G-1
Index.......................................................................I-1
1-1
Introduction
Human factors is a broad field that examines the interaction
between people, machines, and the environment for the
purpose of improving performance and reducing errors. As
aircraft became more reliable and less prone to mechanical
failure, the percentage of accidents related to human factors
increased. Some aspect of human factors now accounts for
over 80 percent of all accidents. Pilots who have a good
understanding of human factors are better equipped to plan
and execute a safe and uneventful flight.
Flying in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) can
result in sensations that are misleading to the body’s sensory
system. A safe pilot needs to understand these sensations and
effectively counteract them. Instrument flying requires a pilot
to make decisions using all available resources.
The elements of human factors covered in this chapter
include sensory systems used for orientation, illusions in
flight, physiological and psychological factors, medical
factors, aeronautical decision-making, and crew resource
management (CRM).
Human
Factors
Chapter 1
1-2
Figure 1-1. Rubik’s Cube Graphic.
Sensory Systems for Orientation
Orientation is the awareness of the position of the aircraft
and of oneself in relation to a specific reference point.
Disorientation is the lack of orientation, and spatial
disorientation specifically refers to the lack of orientation
with regard to position in space and to other objects.
Orientation is maintained through the body’s sensory organs
in three areas: visual, vestibular, and postural. The eyes
maintain visual orientation. The motion sensing system in
the inner ear maintains vestibular orientation. The nerves in
the skin, joints, and muscles of the body maintain postural
orientation. When healthy human beings are in their natural
environment, these three systems work well. When the
human body is subjected to the forces of flight, these senses
can provide misleading information. It is this misleading
　
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