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False Horizon
A sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon, an aurora
borealis, a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars,
and certain geometric patterns of ground lights can provide
inaccurate visual information, or false horizon, for aligning
the aircraft correctly with the actual horizon. The disoriented
pilot may place the aircraft in a dangerous attitude.
Autokinesis
In the dark, a stationary light will appear to move about when
stared at for many seconds. The disoriented pilot could lose
control of the aircraft in attempting to align it with the false
movements of this light, called autokinesis.
Postural Considerations
The postural system sends signals from the skin, joints, and
muscles to the brain that are interpreted in relation to the
Earth’s gravitational pull. These signals determine posture.
Inputs from each movement update the body’s position to
the brain on a constant basis. “Seat of the pants” flying is
largely dependent upon these signals. Used in conjunction
with visual and vestibular clues, these sensations can be
fairly reliable. However, because of the forces acting upon
the body in certain flight situations, many false sensations
can occur due to acceleration forces overpowering gravity.
[Figure 1-8] These situations include uncoordinated turns,
climbing turns, and turbulence.
Demonstration of Spatial Disorientation
There are a number of controlled aircraft maneuvers a pilot
can perform to experiment with spatial disorientation. While
each maneuver will normally create a specific illusion, any
false sensation is an effective demonstration of disorientation.
Thus, even if there is no sensation during any of these
maneuvers, the absence of sensation is still an effective
demonstration in that it shows the inability to detect bank
or roll. There are several objectives in demonstrating these
various maneuvers.
1. They teach pilots to understand the susceptibility of
the human system to spatial disorientation.
2. They demonstrate that judgments of aircraft attitude
based on bodily sensations are frequently false.
3. They help lessen the occurrence and degree of
disorientation through a better understanding of the
relationship between aircraft motion, head movements,
and resulting disorientation.
4. They help instill a greater confidence in relying on
flight instruments for assessing true aircraft attitude.
1-8
A pilot should not attempt any of these maneuvers at low
altitudes, or in the absence of an instructor pilot or an
appropriate safety pilot.
Climbing While Accelerating
With the pilot’s eyes closed, the instructor pilot maintains
approach airspeed in a straight-and-level attitude for several
seconds, and then accelerates while maintaining straight-andlevel
attitude. The usual illusion during this maneuver, without
visual references, will be that the aircraft is climbing.
Climbing While Turning
With the pilot’s eyes still closed and the aircraft in a straightand-
level attitude, the instructor pilot now executes, with a
relatively slow entry, a well-coordinated turn of about 1.5
positive G (approximately 50° bank) for 90°. While in the
turn, without outside visual references and under the effect of
the slight positive G, the usual illusion produced is that of a
climb. Upon sensing the climb, the pilot should immediately
open the eyes and see that a slowly established, coordinated
turn produces the same feeling as a climb.
Diving While Turning
Repeating the previous procedure, with the exception that
the pilot’s eyes should be kept closed until recovery from
the turn is approximately one-half completed can create this
sensation. With the eyes closed, the usual illusion will be
that the aircraft is diving.
Tilting to Right or Left
While in a straight-and-level attitude, with the pilot’s eyes
closed, the instructor pilot executes a moderate or slight skid
to the left with wings level. This creates the illusion of the
body being tilted to the right.
Reversal of Motion
This illusion can be demonstrated in any of the three planes of
motion. While straight and level, with the pilot’s eyes closed,
the instructor pilot smoothly and positively rolls the aircraft to
approximately a 45° bank attitude while maintaining heading
and pitch attitude. This creates the illusion of a strong sense
of rotation in the opposite direction. After this illusion is
noted, the pilot should open his or her eyes and observe that
the aircraft is in a banked attitude.
Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane
　
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