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produce the desired performance.
Applying the Four-Step Process
In attitude instrument flight, the four-step process is used to
control pitch attitude, bank attitude, and power application of
the aircraft. The EFD displays indications precisely enough
that a pilot can apply control more accurately.
Pitch Control
The pitch control is indicated on the attitude indicator which
spans the full width of the PFD. Due to the increased size of
the display, minute changes in pitch can be made and corrected
for. The pitch scale on the attitude indicator is graduated in
5-degree increments which allow the pilot to make correction
with precision to approximately 1/2 degree. The miniature
airplane utilized to represent the aircraft in conventional
attitude indicators is replaced in glass panel displays by a
yellow chevron. [Figure 4-28] Representing the nose of the
aircraft, the point of the chevron affords the pilot a much
more precise indication of the degree of pitch and allows
the pilot to make small, precise changes should the desired
aircraft performance change. When the desired performance
is not being achieved, precise pitch changes should be made
by referencing the point of the yellow chevron.
Bank Control
Precise bank control can be developed utilizing the roll
pointer in conjunction with the roll index displayed on the
4-21
Figure 4-29. Bank Control Index Lines.
attitude indicator. The roll index is sectioned by hash marks at
0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60° and the horizon line which depicts
90° of bank. [Figure 4-29] The addition of the 45° hash mark
is an improvement over conventional attitude indicators.
In addition to the roll index, the instrument pilot utilizes
the turn rate indicator to maintain the aircraft in a standard
rate turn (3° per second). Most instrument maneuvers can
be done comfortably, safely, and efficiently by utilizing a
standard rate turn.
Power Control
The power instruments indicate how much power is being
generated by the engine. They are not affected by turbulence,
improper trim, or control pressures. All changes in power
should be made with reference to power instruments and
cross-checked on performance instruments.
Power control needs to be learned from the beginning of
flight training. Attitude instrument flying demands increased
precision when it comes to power control. As experience
increases, pilots begin to know approximately how much
change in throttle position is required to produce the desired
change in airspeed. Different aircraft demand differing
amounts of throttle change to produce specific performance.
It is imperative that the pilot make the specific changes on
the power instruments and allow the performance to stabilize.
Avoid the tendency to overcontrol.
One common error encountered with glass panel displays
is associated with the precision of the digital readouts.
This precision causes pilots to focus too much attention on
establishing the exact power setting.
Control and power instruments are the foundation for precise
attitude instrument flying. The keys to attitude instrument
flying are establishing the desired aircraft attitude on the
attitude indicator and selecting the desired engine output on
the power instruments. Cross-checking is the vital ingredient
in maintaining precise attitude instrument flight.
Attitude Instrument Flying—Primary and
Supporting Method
The second method for performing attitude instrument
flight is a direct extension of the control/power method.
By utilizing the primary and supporting flight instruments
in conjunction with the control and power instruments, the
pilot can precisely maintain aircraft attitude. This method
utilizes the same instruments as the control/power method;
however, it focuses more on the instruments that depict the
most accurate indication for the aspect of the aircraft attitude
being controlled. The four key elements (pitch, bank, roll,
and trim) are discussed in detail.
Similar to the control/power method, all changes to aircraft
attitude need to be made using the attitude indicator and the
power instruments (tachometer, manifold pressure gauge,
etc.). The following explains how each component of the
aircraft attitude is monitored for performance.
Pitch Control
The pitch of the aircraft refers to the angle between the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the natural horizon. When
flying in instrument meteorological conditions, the natural
horizon is unavailable for reference, and an artificial horizon
is utilized in its place. [Figure 4-30] The only instrument
　
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