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Figure 4-11. Bank Instruments.
adjustment. Common errors in pitch attitude control are:
• Overcontrolling,
• Improperly using power, and
• Failing to adequately cross-check the pitch attitude
instruments and take corrective action when pitch
attitude change is needed
Bank Control
Bank control is controlling the angle made by the wing and
the horizon. After interpreting the bank attitude from the
appropriate instruments, exert the necessary pressures to move
the ailerons and roll the aircraft about the longitudinal axis.
As illustrated in Figure 4-11, these instruments include:
Attitude Indicator
As previously discussed, the attitude indicator is the only
instrument that portrays both instantly and directly the actual
flight attitude and is the basic attitude reference.
Heading Indicator
The heading indicator supplies the pertinent bank and
heading information and is considered a primary instrument
for bank.
Magnetic Compass
The magnetic compass provides heading information and is
considered a bank instrument when used with the heading
indicator. Care should be exercised when using the magnetic
compass as it is affected by acceleration, deceleration in flight
caused by turbulence, climbing, descending, power changes,
and airspeed adjustments. Additionally, the magnetic compass
indication will lead and lag in its reading depending upon
the direction of turn. As a result, acceptance of its indication
should be considered with other instruments that indicate turn
information. These include the already mentioned attitude
and heading indicators as well as the turn-and-slip indicator
and turn coordinator.
4-8
Figure 4-12. Turn Coordinator and Turn-and-Slip Indicator.
Figure 4-13. An Increase in Power Inscreasing Airpseed Accordingly in Level Flight.
Turn Coordinator/Turn-and-Slip Indicator
Both of these instruments provide turn information.
[Figure 4-12] The turn coordinator provides both bank rate
and then turn rate once stabilized. The turn-and-slip indicator
provides only turn rate.
Power Control
A power change to adjust airspeed may cause movement
around some or all of the aircraft axes. The amount and
direction of movement depends on how much or how rapidly
the power is changed, whether single-engine or multiengine
airplane or helicopter. The effect on pitch attitude and
airspeed caused by power changes during level flight is
illustrated in Figures 4-13 and 4-14. During or immediately
after adjusting the power control(s), the power instruments
should be cross-checked to see if the power adjustment is as
desired. Whether or not the need for a power adjustment is
indicated by another instrument(s), adjustment is made by
cross-checking the power instruments. Aircraft are powered
by a variety of power plants, each power plant having
certain instruments that indicate the amount of power being
applied to operate the aircraft. During instrument flight,
these instruments must be used to make the required power
adjustments.
As illustrated in Figure 4-15, power indicator instruments
include:
Airspeed Indicator
The airspeed indicator provides an indication of power
best observed initially in level flight where the aircraft
is in balance and trim. If in level flight the airspeed is
increasing, it can generally be assumed that the power has
increased, necessitating the need to adjust power or re-trim
the aircraft.
Engine Instruments
Engine instruments, such as the manifold pressure (MP)
indicator, provide an indication of aircraft performance for a
given setting under stable conditions. If the power conditions
are changed, as reflected in the respective engine instrument
readings, there is an affect upon the aircraft performance,
either an increase or decrease of airspeed. When the propeller
rotational speed (revolutions per minute (RPM) as viewed
on a tachometer) is increased or decreased on fixed-pitch
propellers, the performance of the aircraft reflects a gain or
loss of airspeed as well.
Trim Control
Proper trim technique is essential for smooth and accurate
instrument flying and utilizes instrumentation illustrated in
Figure 4-16. The aircraft should be properly trimmed while
executing a maneuver. The degree of flying skill, which
ultimately develops, depends largely upon how well the
aviator learns to keep the aircraft trimmed.
Airplane Trim
An airplane is correctly trimmed when it is maintaining a
desired attitude with all control pressures neutralized. By
relieving all control pressures, it is much easier to maintain
　
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