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optimum rate of climb or descent for the airplane at a given
airspeed and configuration.
A deviation of more than 200 fpm from the desired rate
of return is considered overcontrolling. For example, if
attempting to change altitude by 200 feet, a rate in excess of
400 fpm indicates overcontrolling.
When returning to an altitude, the VSI is the primary pitch
instrument. Occasionally, the VSI is slightly out of calibration
and may indicate a climb or descent when the airplane is in
level flight. If the instrument cannot be adjusted, take the
error into consideration when using it for pitch control. For
5-6
Figure 5-13. Constant Power Plus Constant Pitch Equals Constant
Speed.
Figure 5-14. Constant Power Plus Decreased Pitch Equals
Increased Airspeed.
Figure 5-15. Constant Power Plus Increased Pitch Equals
Decreased Airspeed.
Constant Airspeed Constant Pitch
Increased Airspeed Decreased Pitch
Decreased Airspeed Increased Pitch
example, if the needle indicates a descent of 200 fpm while
in level flight, use this indication as the zero position.
Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
The ASI presents an indirect indication of the pitch attitude.
In non-turbulent conditions with a constant power setting and
pitch attitude, airspeed remains constant. [Figure 5-13] As the
pitch attitude lowers, airspeed increases, and the nose should
be raised. [Figure 5-14] As the pitch attitude rises, airspeed
decreases, and the nose should be lowered. [Figure 5-15] A
rapid change in airspeed indicates a large pitch change, and
a slow change of airspeed indicates a small pitch change.
Pitch control in level flight is a question of cross-check and
interpretation of the instrument panel for the instrument
information that enables a pilot to visualize and control pitch
attitude. Regardless of individual differences in cross-check
technique, all pilots should use the instruments that give the
best information for controlling the airplane in any given
maneuver. Pilots should also check the other instruments
to aid in maintaining the primary instruments at the desired
indication.
As noted previously, the primary instrument is the one
that gives the most pertinent information for a particular
maneuver. It is usually the one that should be held at a
constant indication. Which instrument is primary for pitch
control in level flight, for example? This question should
be considered in the context of specific airplane, weather
conditions, pilot experience, operational conditions, and other
factors. Attitude changes must be detected and interpreted
instantly for immediate control action in high-performance
airplanes. On the other hand, a reasonably proficient
instrument pilot in a slower airplane may rely more on the
altimeter for primary pitch information, especially if it is
determined that too much reliance on the attitude indicator
fails to provide the necessary precise attitude information.
Whether the pilot decides to regard the altimeter or the
attitude indicator as primary depends on which approach will
best help control the attitude. In this handbook, the altimeter
is normally considered as the primary pitch instrument during
level flight.
Bank Control
The bank attitude of an airplane is the angle between the
airplane’s wings and the natural horizon. To maintain a
straight-and-level flight path, the wings of the airplane are
kept level with the horizon (assuming the airplane is in
coordinated flight). The instruments used for bank control
are the attitude indicator, the heading indicator, and the
turn coordinator. Figure 5-16 illustrates coordinated flight.
The aircraft is banked left with the attitude indicator and
turn coordinator indicating the bank. The heading indicator
indicates a left turn by apparent clockwise rotation of the
compass card behind the airplane silhouette.
Attitude Indicator
The attitude indicator shows any change in bank attitude
directly and instantly and is, therefore, a direct indicator. On
the standard attitude indicator, the angle of bank is shown
pictorially by the relationship of the miniature aircraft to the
artificial horizon bar, and by the alignment of the pointer with
the banking scale at the top of the instrument. On the face of
the standard three-inch instrument, small angles of bank can
be difficult to detect by reference to the miniature aircraft,
especially if leaning to one side or changing a seating position
5-7
Figure 5-16. Instruments Used for Bank Control.
Figure 5-17. Bank Interpretation with the Attitude Indicator.
slightly. The position of the scale pointer is a good check
　
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