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certificate.
Maintaining the Instrument Rating
Once you hold the instrument rating, you may not act as pilotin-
command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the
minimums prescribed for VFR, unless you meet the recent
flight experience requirements outlined in 14 CFR part 61.
These procedures must be accomplished within the preceding
6 months and include six instrument approaches, holding
procedures, and intercepting and tracking courses through the
use of navigation systems. If you do not meet the experience
requirements during these 6 months, you have another 6
months to meet these minimums. If the requirements are
still not met, you must pass an instrument proficiency check,
which is an inflight evaluation by a qualified instrument
flight instructor using tasks outlined in the instrument rating
practical test standards (PTS).
The instrument currency requirements must be accomplished
under actual or simulated instrument conditions. You may log
instrument flight time during the time for which you control
the aircraft solely by reference to the instruments. This can
be accomplished by wearing a view-limiting device, such as
a hood, flying an approved flight-training device, or flying
in actual IMC.
It takes only one harrowing experience to clarify the
distinction between minimum practical knowledge and a
thorough understanding of how to apply the procedures and
techniques used in instrument flight. Your instrument training
is never complete; it is adequate when you have absorbed
every foreseeable detail of knowledge and skill to ensure a
solution will be available if and when you need it.
ix
Preface....................................................................iii
Acknowledgements.................................................v
Introduction............................................................vii
Is an Instrument Rating Necessary?.............................vii
Instrument Rating Requirements..................................vii
Training for the Instrument Rating...............................vii
Maintaining the Instrument Rating.............................viii
Table of Contents...................................................ix
Chapter 1
Human Factors.....................................................1-1
Introduction.....................................................................1-1
Sensory Systems for Orientation....................................1-2
Eyes.............................................................................1-2
Vision Under Dim and Bright Illumination.............1-3
Ears..............................................................................1-4
Nerves..........................................................................1-5
Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation.....................1-5
Vestibular Illusions.....................................................1-5
The Leans.................................................................1-5
Coriolis Illusion.......................................................1-6
Graveyard Spiral......................................................1-6
Somatogravic Illusion..............................................1-6
Inversion Illusion.....................................................1-6
Elevator Illusion.......................................................1-6
Visual Illusions............................................................1-7
False Horizon...........................................................1-7
Autokinesis..............................................................1-7
Postural Considerations..................................................1-7
Demonstration of Spatial Disorientation........................1-7
Climbing While Accelerating......................................1-8
Climbing While Turning.............................................1-8
Diving While Turning.................................................1-8
Tilting to Right or Left................................................1-8
Reversal of Motion......................................................1-8
Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane.............1-8
Coping with Spatial Disorientation.................................1-8
Optical Illusions..............................................................1-9
Runway Width Illusion...............................................1-9
Runway and Terrain Slopes Illusion...........................1-9
Featureless Terrain Illusion.........................................1-9
Water Refraction.........................................................1-9
Haze.............................................................................1-9
　
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