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Large Airplanes...........................................................2-9
Climbs...........................................................................2-10
Acceleration in Cruise Flight....................................2-10
Turns.............................................................................2-10
Rate of Turn..............................................................2-10
Radius of Turn...........................................................2-11
Coordination of Rudder and Aileron Controls..........2-11
Load Factor...................................................................2-11
Icing..............................................................................2-12
Types of Icing...............................................................2-13
Structural Icing..........................................................2-13
Induction Icing..........................................................2-13
Clear Ice....................................................................2-13
Rime Ice....................................................................2-14
Mixed Ice...................................................................2-14
General Effects of Icing on Airfoils..........................2-14
Piper PA-34-200T (Des Moines, Iowa).................2-15
Tailplane Stall Symptoms.........................................2-16
Propeller Icing...........................................................2-16
Effects of Icing on Critical Aircraft Systems............2-16
Flight Instruments..................................................2-16
Stall Warning Systems...........................................2-16
Windshields...........................................................2-16
Antenna Icing............................................................2-17
Summary.......................................................................2-17
Chapter 3
Flight Instruments................................................3-1
Introduction.....................................................................3-1
Pitot/Static Systems........................................................3-2
Static Pressure.............................................................3-2
Blockage Considerations.............................................3-2
Indications of Pitot Tube Blockage.........................3-3
Indications from Static Port Blockage.....................3-3
Effects of Flight Conditions.....................................3-3
Pitot/Static Instruments...................................................3-3
Sensitive Altimeter......................................................3-3
Principle of Operation..............................................3-3
Altimeter Errors.......................................................3-4
Cold Weather Altimeter Errors................................3-5
ICAO Cold Temperature Error Table.........................3-5
Nonstandard Pressure on an Altimeter....................3-6
Altimeter Enhancements (Encoding) ......................3-7
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM)...3-7
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)....................................3-8
Dynamic Pressure Type Instruments..............................3-8
Airspeed Indicator (ASI).............................................3-8
Types of Airspeed....................................................3-9
Airspeed Color Codes............................................3-10
Magnetism.....................................................................3-10
The Basic Aviation Magnetic Compass ...................3-11
Magnetic Compass Overview................................3-11
Magnetic Compass Induced Errors........................3-12
The Vertical Card Magnetic Compass......................3-14
The Flux Gate Compass System...............................3-14
Remote Indicating Compass......................................3-15
Gyroscopic Systems......................................................3-16
Power Sources ..........................................................3-16
Pneumatic Systems ...............................................3-16
Vacuum Pump Systems.........................................3-17
Electrical Systems..................................................3-18
Gyroscopic Instruments................................................3-18
Attitude Indicators.....................................................3-18
Heading Indicators....................................................3-19
Turn Indicators..........................................................3-20
Turn-and-Slip Indicator.........................................3-20
Turn Coordinator...................................................3-21
　
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