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electrical circuit being overloaded, either the consumption
must be reduced or a circuit failure is experienced.
The pilot who effectively manages the tasks and properly
prioritizes them will have a successful flight. For example,
do not become distracted and fixate on an instrument light
failure. This unnecessary focus displaces capability and
prevents the pilot’s ability to appreciate tasks of greater
importance. By planning ahead, a pilot can effectively reduce
workload during critical phases of a flight.
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
Flying safely requires the effective integration of three
separate sets of skills. Most obvious are the basic stick-andrudder
skills needed to control the airplane. Next, are skills
related to proficient operation of aircraft systems, and last,
but not least, are ADM skills.
ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used
by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action
in response to a given set of circumstances. The importance
of learning effective ADM skills cannot be overemphasized.
While progress is continually being made in the advancement
of pilot training methods, airplane equipment and systems, and
services for pilots, accidents still occur. Despite all the changes
in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the
same—the human factor. While the FAA strives to eliminate
errors through training and safety programs, one fact remains:
humans make errors. It is estimated that approximately 80
percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related.
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The ADM process addresses all aspects of decision making
in the flight deck and identifies the steps involved in good
decision making. While the ADM process will not eliminate
errors, it will help the pilot recognize errors, and in turn
enable the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects.
These steps are:
1. Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe
flight;
2. Learning behavior modification techniques;
3. Learning how to recognize and cope with stress;
4. Developing risk assessment skills;
5. Using all resources; and
6. Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills.
Historically, the term “pilot error” has been used to describe
the causes of these accidents. Pilot error means that an action
or decision made by the pilot was the cause, or a contributing
factor that led to the accident. This definition also includes
the pilot’s failure to make a decision or take action. From
a broader perspective, the phrase “human factors related”
more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a
single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events
triggered by a number of factors.
The poor judgment chain, sometimes referred to as the “error
chain,” is a term used to describe this concept of contributing
factors in a human factors related accident. Breaking one link
in the chain normally is all that is necessary to change the
outcome of the sequence of events.
The Decision-Making Process
An understanding of the decision-making process provides
a pilot with a foundation for developing ADM skills.
Some situations, such as engine failures, require a pilot to
respond immediately using established procedures with a
little time for detailed analysis. This is termed automatic
decision-making and is based upon training, experience, and
recognition. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to
react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make
decisions requiring a more reflective response where greater
analysis is required. Typically during a flight, there is time
to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and
assess risk before reaching a decision. The steps leading to
this conclusion constitute the decision-making process.
Defining the Problem
Problem definition is the first step in the decision-making
process. Defining the problem begins with recognizing that
a change has occurred or that an expected change did not
occur. A problem is perceived first by the senses, then is
distinguished through insight and experience. One critical
error that can be made during the decision-making process
is incorrectly defining the problem. For example, a low oil
pressure reading could indicate that the engine is about to
fail and an emergency landing should be planned, or it could
mean that the oil pressure sensor has failed. The actions to be
taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly
different. One requires an immediate decision based upon
　
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