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a technology
primer
W e usually see only the outside
aspect of a biometric
system, namely a fingerprint
reader or camera.
But it’s what behind the detector that
counts: the software that processes the
data gathered by the detector, and the
database used to compare the new fingerprint
with all previous ones. Therein
lies the added value of a biometric system,
which has to combine performance,
precision and reliability, since most large
systems of this type operate 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week.
But how exactly do they work? Every-
The system identifies as many of these
points as possible, assigning spatial and
angular coordinates to each minutiae.
Once this “map” has been established,
the system compares it to minutiae
already in its database. If two data sets
are identical, then it’s the same person.
This technology is already considered
mature, and currently accounts for more
than 65% of the biometrics market.
Filming faces
Face recognition, although less widespread,
is also a very successful technique,
largely because it is relatively easy to use.
The face is first filmed, in close-up or
from a distance, depending on the venue
(airport, street, etc.), the system used
(close-up or wider angle view) and the
degree of accuracy desired. The system
identifies the face on the screen, formats
it, if necessary adjusting the perspective,
and then compares it to a list of faces in
its memory, using very sophisticated algorithms.
One of the main advantages of
these systems is that they are comfortable
(people are simply “shot” by a camera),
and intuitive (anybody can check if the
system has made a mistake or not). On
the other hand, reliability depends on
the shooting conditions. If the subject is
poorly lit, too far away or out of focus,
the results will not be as accurate. Once
again, however, technical advances are
making these systems increasingly tolerant
of less than ideal shooting conditions.
This is still a relatively recent technology,
and currently accounts for a little over
10% of the market.
Coding eyes
Another identification technique now
being developed is for the iris, which
offers theoretical precision at least equal
to fingerprints, but is not as comfortable
(you have to position your eye in front of
a reader). When you take a closer look,
the iris comprises a seemingly chaotic
entanglement of micro-tubes, in a pattern
that is specific to each person. The
system divides this tangled mass into
eight concentric circles, like a target.
The pattern in each one looks something
like a barcode. Processing the image with
thing depends on the biometric marker
involved…
Zebra skin and
fingerprints
Let’s start with fingerprints. When you
place your finger on a detector the processing
software analyzes the ridge patterns,
which look a bit like a zebra skin. It
determines the points of interest, which
specialists call minutiae. There are two
main types: ridge endings and bifurcations.
These are the points that enable
analysts to tell the difference between
individual fingerprints.
1. Fabricatio n
of the prisms for
fingerprint detection.
2. ASSEMBLY
of fingerprint
detectors.
3. Inte gratio n
of the fingerprint
recognition module.
4. ADJUSTMENT
of fingerprint sensor.
1 2 3 4
a filter, the system converts this barcode
into a series of digital bits – “0” and “1”.
All that’s left is for the system to compare
these strings of figures with those in its
memory to distinguish between two individuals.
The market for this technology
is still emerging.
There are other biometric techniques,
including those based on DNA, but they
are still relatively insignificant in the
market.
The basic principle behind fingerprint,
iris and facial recognition systems is well
known, but each manufacturer has its
own secret technology recipe, which it
keeps under lock and key! ■
D. baudier
© Nadia Rabhi
© Virginie Sueres
SAMCEF Linear
©2003 SAMTECH s.a. The trademarks and the registered trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.
SAMTECH Headquarters
Parc Scientifique du Sart-Tilman
Rue des Chasseurs-Ardennais, 8
B-4031 Angleur-Liège, Belgium
Tel. : +32 4 361 69 69
Fax : +32 4 361 69 80
http://www.samcef.com
　
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