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Weather Satellites
China launched its first weather satellite, Fengyun 1A, in 1988. Since that time, it has launched 10 additional Fengyun (“Wind and Cloud”) satellites of increasing capability. As of July 2010, five of these were apparently still operational: Fengyun 1D, 2C, 2D, 2E, and 3A.2 Fengyun 1D is in a polar LEO and has a 10-channel radiometer oper-ating in the visible and infrared bands for observation of clouds, land surfaces, and oceans. Fengyun 2C, 2D, and 2E are in GEO and carry radiometers operating in five channels (“Fengyun Series,” 2010; “UCS Satellite Database”).
Fengyun 3A, launched in May 2008, is the first of a new gen-eration of polar weather satellites that is much more capable than the Fengyun 1 series. It carries a 10-channel scanning radiometer, infra-red and microwave radiometers, a space environment monitor, and an earth-radiation scanning radiometer. It provides images with a spatial resolution of 250 m and temperature accuracy of 0.1°F. Two more sat-ellites in the Fengyun 3 series were expected to be launched in 2008, but as of July 2010, only Fengyun 3A was in orbit. The reasons for the delay are unclear (“Fengyun Series,” 2010; “UCS Satellite Database”).
Fengyun 1C, which had already ceased functioning, was destroyed in a ground-launched antisatellite weapon test in January 2007.
China is also developing a Fengyun 4 series GEO satellite to
replace the Fengyun 2 series. Reportedly, there will be an optical series and a microwave series. The launch of the first optical satellite is expected in 2012, followed by two more in 2015, then two more in 2019. The first of the microwave series is scheduled for 2015, followed by another in 2018 and a third in 2022 (“Fengyun Series,” 2010).
Weather satellites have both civilian and military utility. Know-ing and predicting weather can be crucial to successful military opera-tions. Indeed, China’s military reportedly plans to use the Fengyun 3 satellites for military weather forecasting, and the United States still maintains its own Defense Meteorology Satellite Program satellites. Weather satellite data is increasingly a global public good, and China, as a member of the World Meteorological Organization, has access to data from other countries’ civilian weather satellites. Having its own weather satellites, however, provides China with a hedge against a cutoff of this information in the event of a confrontation with the United Sates or other countries (“Fengyun Series,” 2010; “Defense Meteorology Satellite Program [DMSP] Series,” 2009).
Civilian Earth-Observation Satellites
China operates three series of earth-observation satellites that are pri-marily or exclusively civilian in purpose. The oldest series is the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS) series, jointly developed with Brazil. China also operates the Haiyang series of oceanographic satellites and the Huanjing series of environmental and disaster-moni-toring satellites.
　
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