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by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors,
and assistance in emergency situations. Flight
service stations can provide updates on
weather, answer questions about airport conditions,
and may offer direction-finding assistance.
The services provided by ATC can be
invaluable in enabling you to make informed inflight
decisions.
WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
Effective workload management ensures that
essential operations are accomplished by planning,
prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid
work overload. As experience is gained, you
learn to recognize future workload requirements
and can prepare for high workload periods during
times of low workload. Reviewing the appropriate
chart and setting radio
frequencies well in advance of when they are
needed helps reduce workload as your flight
nears the airport. In addition, you should listen
to the Automatic Terminal Information Service
(ATIS), Automated Surface Observing System
(ASOS), or Automated Weather Observing
System (AWOS), if available, and then monitor
the tower frequency or the Common Traffic
Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to get a good idea
of what traffic conditions to expect. Checklists
should be performed well in advance so there is
time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions.
These procedures are especially important prior
to entering a high-density traffic area, such as
Class B airspace.
To manage workload, items should be prioritized.
For example, during any situation, and especially
in an emergency, you should remember the
phrase “aviate, navigate, and communicate.” This
means that the first thing you should do is make
sure the glider is under control. Then begin flying
to an acceptable landing area. Only after the first
two items are assured, should you try to communicate
with anyone.
Another important part of managing workload is
recognizing a work overload situation. The first
effect of high workload is that you begin to work
faster. As workload increases, attention cannot be
devoted to several tasks at one time, and you
may begin to focus on one item. When you
become task saturated, there is no awareness of
inputs from various sources, so decisions may be
made on incomplete information, and the possibility
of error increases.
Accidents often occur when flying task requirements
exceed pilot capabilities. The difference
between these two factors is called the margin of
safety. Note that in this example, the margin of
safety is minimal during the approach and landing.
At this point, an emergency or distraction
could overtax pilot capabilities, causing an accident.
[Figure 1-10]
Figure 1-11. All experienced pilots have fallen prey to, or have
been tempted by, one or more of these tendencies in their flying
careers.
1-10
When becoming overloaded, you should stop,
think, slow down, and prioritize. It is important that
you understand options that may be available to
decrease workload.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Situational awareness is the accurate perception
of the operational and environmental factors
that affect the aircraft, pilot, and
passengers during a specific period of time.
Maintaining situational awareness requires an
understanding of the relative significance of
these factors and their future impact on the
flight. When situationally aware, you have an
overview of the total operation and are not fixated
on one perceived significant factor. Some
of the elements inside the aircraft to be considered
are the status of aircraft systems, you as
the pilot, and passengers. In addition, an awareness
of the environmental conditions of the
flight, such as spatial orientation of the glider,
and its relationship to terrain, traffic, weather,
and airspace must be maintained.
To maintain situational awareness, all of the skills
involved in aeronautical decision making are
used. For example, an accurate perception of
your fitness can be achieved through self-assessment
and recognition of hazardous attitudes. A
clear assessment of the status of navigation
equipment can be obtained through workload
management, and establishing a productive
relationship with ATC can be accomplished by
effective resource use.
OBSTACLES TO MAINTAINING
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Fatigue, stress, and work overload can cause you
to fixate on a single perceived important item
rather than maintaining an overall awareness of
the flight situation. A contributing factor in many
accidents is a
distraction that diverts the pilot’s attention from
　
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本文鏈接地址：Glider Flying Handbook(12)