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light colored, porous clothing and a hat provides
protection from the sun, and keeping the cockpit
well ventilated aids in
dispelling excess heat.
ALCOHOL
Everyone knows that alcohol impairs the efficiency
of the human mechanism. Studies have
positively proven that drinking and performance
deterioration are closely linked. Pilots must make
hundreds of decisions, some of them time-critical,
during the course of a flight. The safe outcome
of any flight depends on your ability to
make the correct decisions and take the appropriate
actions during routine occurrences, as well as
abnormal situations. The influence of alcohol
drastically reduces the chances of completing
your flight without incident. Even in small
amounts, alcohol can impair your judgement,
decrease your sense of responsibility, affect your
coordination, constrict your visual field, diminish
your memory, reduce your reasoning power, and
lower your attention span. As little as one ounce
of alcohol can decrease the speed and strength
of your muscular reflexes, lessen the efficiency of
your eye movements while reading, and increase
the frequency at which you commit errors.
Impairments in vision and hearing occur at alcohol
blood levels as low as .01 percent.
The alcohol consumed in beer and mixed drinks is
simply ethyl alcohol, a central nervous system
depressant. From a medical point of view, it acts on
Figure 1-14. Scuba divers must not fly for specific time periods
following dives to avoid the bends.
1-17
your body much like a general anesthetic. The
“dose” is generally much lower and more slowly consumed
in the case of alcohol, but the basic effects
on the system are similar. Alcohol is easily and
quickly absorbed by the digestive tract. The bloodstream
absorbs about 80 to 90 percent of the alcohol
in a drink within 30 minutes on an empty
stomach. The body requires about three hours to rid
itself of all the alcohol contained in one mixed drink
or one beer.
When you have a hangover, you are still under the
influence of alcohol. Although you may think that
you are functioning normally, the impairment of
motor and mental responses still remains.
Considerable amounts of alcohol can remain in the
body for over 16 hours, so you should be cautious
about flying too soon after drinking.
The effect of alcohol is greatly multiplied when a
person is exposed to altitude. Two drinks on the
ground are equivalent to three or four at altitude.
The reason for this is that, chemically, alcohol
interferes with the brain’s ability to utilize oxygen.
The effects are rapid because alcohol passes so
quickly into the bloodstream. In addition, the brain
is a highly vascular organ that is immediately sensitive
to changes in the blood’s composition. For a
pilot, the lower oxygen availability at
altitude, along with the lower capability of the brain
to use what oxygen is there, adds up to a deadly
combination.
Intoxication is determined by the amount of alcohol
in the bloodstream. This is usually measured
as a percentage by weight in the blood. 14 CFR
part 91 requires that your blood alcohol level be
less than .04 percent and that eight hours pass
between drinking alcohol and piloting an aircraft. If
you have a blood alcohol level of .04 percent or
greater after eight hours, you cannot fly until your
blood alcohol falls below that amount. Even
though your blood alcohol may be well below .04
percent, you cannot fly sooner than eight hours
after drinking alcohol. Although the regulations are
quite specific, it is a good idea to be more conservative
than the regulations.
DRUGS
Pilot performance can be seriously degraded by
both prescribed and over-the-counter medications,
as well as by the medical conditions for
which they are taken. Many medications, such as
tranquilizers, sedatives, strong pain relievers, and
cough-suppressants, have primary effects that
may impair judgment, memory, alertness, coordination,
vision, and the ability to make calculations.
Others, such as antihistamines, blood pressure
drugs, muscle relaxants, and agents to control
diarrhea and motion sickness, have side effects
that may impair the same critical functions. Any
medication that depresses the nervous system,
such as a sedative, tranquilizer, or antihistamine,
can make a pilot much more susceptible to
hypoxia.
Pain killers can be grouped into two broad categories:
analgesics and anesthetics. Over-thecounter
analgesics, such as aspirin and codeine,
　
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