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safely.
Unlike airport landings, no off-field landing is entirely
routine. An extra measure of care must be undertaken
to achieve a safe outcome. The basic ingredients for a
successful off-field landing are awareness of wind
direction, wind strength at the surface, and approach
path obstacles. The glider pilot must be able to identify
suitable landing areas, have the discipline to select a
suitable landing area while height remains to allow
sufficient time to perform a safe approach and landing,
and the ability to consistently make accurate landings
in the glider type being flown. These ingredients can
be summarized as follows:
• Recognize the possibility of imminent off-field
landing.
• Select a suitable area, then a suitable landing
field within that area.
• Plan your approach with wind, obstacles, and
local terrain in mind.
• Execute the approach, land, and then stop the
glider as soon as possible.
The most common off-field landing planning failure is
denial. The pilot, understandably eager to continue the
flight and return to an airport, is often reluctant to initiate
planning for an off-field landing because to do so,
in the pilot’s mind, will probably result in such a landing.
Better, the pilot thinks, to concentrate on continuing
the flight and finding a way to climb back up and
fly away. The danger of this false optimism is that
there will be little or no time to plan an off-field landing
if the attempt to climb away does not succeed. It is
much better and safer to thoroughly understand the
techniques for planning an off-field landing and to be
prepared for the occurrence at any time.
Wind awareness, knowing wind direction and intensity,
is key when planning an off-field landing.
Heading downwind offers a greater geographical
area to search than flying upwind. A tailwind during
downwind cruise results in a greater range, headwind
during upwind cruise reduces the range. Wind awareness
is also essential to planning the orientation and
direction of the landing approach. Visualize the wind
flowing over and around the intended landing area.
Remember that the area downwind of hills, buildings,
and other obstructions will probably be turbulent
at low altitude. Also, be aware that landing into
wind shortens landing rolls.
Decision heights are altitudes at which pilots take critical
steps in the off-field landing process. If the terrain
below is suitable for landing, select a general area no
lower than 2,000 feet above ground level (AGL).
Select the intended landing field no lower than 1,500
feet AGL. At 1,000 feet AGL, commit to flying the
approach and landing off-field. If the terrain below is
not acceptable for an off-field landing, the best course
of action is to move immediately toward more suitable
terrain.
For many pilots there is a strong temptation during the
off-field landing process to select a landing location
based primarily on the ease of retrieval. The convenience
of an easy retrieval is of little consequence if the
landing site is unsuitable and results in damage to the
glider or injury to the pilot. Select the landing site with
safety foremost in mind. During an off-field landing
approach, the precise elevation of the landing site normally
will not be available to the pilot. This renders the
altimeter more or less useless. Fly the approach and
assess the progress by recognizing and maintaining the
angle that puts the glider at the intended landing spot
safely. If landing into strong headwind, the approach
angle is steep. If headwind is light or non-existent, the
approach angle is shallower unless landing over an
obstacle. When landing with a tailwind (due to slope or
one-way entry into the selected field due to terrain or
obstacles) the angle will be shallower. Remember to
clear each visible obstacle with safe altitude, clearing
any wires by a safe margin.
8-9
Select a field of adequate length and, if possible, one
with no visible slope. Any slope that is visible from the
air is likely to be steep. Slope can often be assessed by
the color of the land. High spots often are lighter in
color than low spots because soil moisture tends to collect
in low spots, darkening the color of the soil there.
If level landing areas are not available and the landing
must be made on a slope, it is better to land uphill than
downhill. Even a slight downhill grade during landing
flare allows the glider to float prior to touchdown,
which may result in collision with objects on the far
end of the selected field.
　
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本文鏈接地址：Glider Flying Handbook(93)