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turns during flight.
Some gliders use a stabilator, which is a one-piece
horizontal stabilizer used in lieu of an elevator. The
stabilator pivots up and down on a central hinge point.
When you pull back on the control stick, the nose
of the glider moves up; when you push forward, the
nose moves down. Stabilators sometimes employ an
anti-servo trim tab to achieve pitch trim. The anti-servo
tab provides a control feel comparable to that of an
elevator. [Figure 2-5]
Trim devices reduce pilot workload by relieving the
pressure required on the controls to maintain a desired
airspeed. One type of trim device found on gliders is
called an elevator trim tab. The elevator trim tab is a
small, hinged, cockpit-adjustable tab on the trailing
edge of the elevator. Other types of elevator trim
devices include bungee spring systems and ratchet
trim systems. In these systems, fore and aft control
stick pressure is applied by an adjustable spring or
bungee cord.
Figure 2-4. The empennage components.
Figure 2-5. Empennage components and trim tabs.
the soaring conditions deteriorate. Self-launch gliders
differ widely in terms of engine location and type of
propeller.
Some are equipped with a fixed, nose-mounted engine
and a full feathering propeller. On other types of selflaunch
gliders, the engine and propeller are located aft
of the cockpit. When the engine and propeller are not
in use, they are retracted into the fuselage, reducing
drag and increasing soaring performance. These types
of self-launch engines are usually coupled to a folding
propeller, so the entire powerplant can be retracted
and the bay doors closed and sealed. [Figure 2-7]
Some gliders are equipped with sustainer engines to
assist in remaining aloft long enough to return to an
airport. However, sustainer engines do not provide
sufficient power to launch the glider from the ground
without external assistance. A more detailed explanation
of engine operations can be found in Chapter 7—
Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers.
LANDING GEAR
Gliders feature a nose skid or wheel, a swiveling tail
wheel, and wheels or protective metal brackets at the
wingtips. Gliders designed for high speed and low drag
often feature a fully retractable main landing gear and a
small break away tail wheel or tail skid. Break away
tail skids are found on high performance gliders, and
are designed to break off when placed under side loads.
[Figure 2-8]
WHEEL BRAKES
The wheel brake, mounted on the main landing gear
wheel, helps the glider slow down or stop after touchdown.
The type of wheel brake often depends on the
design of the glider. Many early gliders relied on friction
between the nose skid and the ground to come to a
stop. Current models of gliders are fitted with drum
brakes, disc brakes, and friction brakes. The most
common type of wheel brake found in modern gliders
is the disc brake, which is very similar to the disc brake
on the front wheels of most cars. Most glider disc
brakes are hydraulically operated to provide maximum
braking capability. Wheel brake controls vary from
one glider type to another.
Over the years, the shape of the empennage has seen different
forms. Early gliders were most often built with the
horizontal stabilizer mounted at the bottom of the vertical
stabilizer. This type of tail arrangement is called the
conventional tail. Other gliders were designed with a
T-tail, and still others were designed with V-tail. T-tail
gliders have the horizontal stabilizer mounted
on the top of the vertical stabilizer, forming a T.
V-tails have two tail surfaces mounted to form a V.
V-tails combine elevator and rudder movements.
TOWHOOK DEVICES
An approved towhook is a vital part of glider equipment.
The towhook is designed for quick release when
the pilot applies pressure to the release handle. As a
safety feature, if back pressure from either getting out
of position during the tow or over running the towrope,
the release will automatically open. Part of the glider
pilot’s preflight is to ensure the towhook releases properly
with applied forward and back pressure.
The glider may have a towhook located on or under the
nose and/or under the center of gravity (CG), near the
main landing gear. The forward towhook is used for
aerotow. The CG hook is used for ground launch. If the
glider has only a CG hook, it may be approved for aerotow
in accordance with the Glider Flight Manual/
Pilot’s Operating Handbook. [Figure 2-6]
POWERPLANT
Self-launch gliders are equipped with engines powerful
　
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