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4. Radar Vectors
4.1Controllers may vector aircraft within CONTROLLED
AIRSPACE for separation purposes,
noise abatement considerations, when an operational
advantage will be realize by the pilot or the controller,
or when requested by the pilot. Vectors outside of
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE will be provided only
on pilot request. Pilots will be advised as to what the
vector is to achieve when the vector is controller
initiated and will take the aircraft off a previously
assigned nonradar route. To the extent possible,
aircraft operating on RNAV routes will be allowed to
remain on their own navigation.
5. Changeover Points (COPs)
5.1COPs are prescribed for Federal airways, jet
routes, area navigation routes, or other direct routes
for which an minimum en route altitude (MEA) is
designated under 14 CFR Part 95. The COP is a point
along the route or airway segment between two
adjacent navigation facilities or waypoints where
changeover navigation guidance should occur. At this
point, the pilot should change navigation receiver
frequency from the station behind the aircraft to the
station ahead.
5.2The COP is normally located midway between
the navigation facilities for straight route segments,
or at the intersection of radials or courses forming a
dogleg in the case of dogleg route segments. When
the COP is NOT located at the midway point,
aeronautical charts will depict the COP location and
give the mileage to the radio aids.
5.3COPs are established for the purpose of
preventing loss of navigation guidance, to prevent
frequency interference from other facilities, and to
prevent use of different facilities by different aircraft
in the same airspace. Pilots are urged to observe COPs
to the fullest extent.
6. Airway or Route Course Changes
6.1Pilots of aircraft are required to adhere to
airways/routes being flown. Special attention must be
given to this requirement during course changes.
Each course change consists of variables that make
the technique applicable in each case a matter only the
pilot can resolve. Some variables which must be
considered are turn radius, wind effect, airspeed,
degree of turn, and cockpit instrumentation. An early
turn, as illustrated in FIG ENR 3.5−1, is one method
of adhering to airways/routes. The use of any
available cockpit instrumentation, such as distance
measuring equipment, may be used by the pilot to
lead the turn when making course changes. This is
consistent with the intent of 14 CFR Section 91.181
which requires pilots to operate along the centerline
of an airway and along the direct course between
navigational aids or fixes.
6.2Turns which begin at or after fix passage may
exceed airway/route boundaries. FIG ENR 3.5−1
contains an example flight track depicting this,
together with an example of an early turn.
AIP ENR 3.5−3
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG ENR 3.5−1
Adhering to Airways or Routes
6.3Without such actions, as leading a turn, aircraft
operating in excess of 290 knots true airspeed (TAS)
can exceed the normal airway/route boundaries
depending on the amount of course change required,
wind direction and velocity, the character of the turn
fix, (DME, overhead navigation aid, or intersection),
and the pilot’s technique in making a course change.
For example, a flight operating at 17,000 feet MSL
with a TAS of 400 knots, a 25 degree bank, and a
course change of more than 40 degrees would exceed
the width of the airway/route; i.e., 4 nautical miles
each side of centerline. However, in the airspace
below 18,000 feet MSL, operations in excess of
290knots TAS are not prevalent and the provision of
additional IFR separation in all course change
situations for the occasional aircraft making a turn in
excess of 290 knots TAS creates an unacceptable
waste of airspace and imposes a penalty upon the
preponderance of traffic which operates at low
speeds. Consequently, the FAA expects pilots to lead
turns and take other actions they consider necessary
during the course changes to adhere as closely as
possible to the airways or route being flown.

AIP ENR 4.1−1
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
ENR 4. NAVIGATION AIDS/SYSTEMS
ENR 4.1 Navigation Aids − En Route
1. VHF Direction Finder
1.1The VHF Direction Finder (VHF/DF) is one of
the common systems that helps pilots without their
being aware of its operation. It is a ground−based
　
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