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sinuses, located in each upper cheek. It will usually
produce excruciating pain over the sinus area. A
maxillary sinus block can also make the upper teeth
ache. Bloody mucus may discharge from the nasal
passages.
2.3.3A sinus block is prevented by not flying with an
upper respiratory infection or nasal allergic
condition. Adequate protection is usually not
provided by decongestant sprays or drops to reduce
congestion around the sinus openings. Oral
decongestants have side effects that can impair pilot
performance.
2.3.4If a sinus block does not clear shortly after
landing, a physician should be consulted.
2.4Decompression Sickness After Scuba Diving
2.4.1A pilot or passenger who intends to fly after
SCUBA diving should allow the body sufficient time
to rid itself of excess nitrogen absorbed during diving.
If not, decompression sickness due to evolved gas can
occur during exposure to low altitude and create a
serious inflight emergency.
2.4.2The recommended waiting time before going
to flight altitudes of up to 8,000 feet is at least
12hours after diving which has not required
controlled ascent (nondecompression stop diving),
and at least 24 hours after diving which has required
controlled ascent (decompression stop diving). The
waiting time before going to flight altitudes above
8,000 feet should be at least 24 hours after any
SCUBA dive. These recommended altitudes are
actual flight altitudes above mean sea level (AMSL)
and not pressurized cabin altitudes. This takes into
consideration the risk of decompression of the
aircraft during flight.
3. Hyperventilation in Flight
3.1Hyperventilation, or an abnormal increase in the
volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs, can
occur subconsciously when a stressed situation is
encountered in flight. As hyperventilation blows
off" excessive carbon dioxide from the body, a pilot
can experience symptoms of lightheadedness,
suffocation, drowsiness, tingling in the extremities,
and coolness − and react to them with even greater
hyperventilation. Incapacitation can eventually result
from incoordination, disorientation, and painful
muscle spasms. Finally, unconsciousness can occur.
3.2The symptoms of hyperventilation subside
within a few minutes after the rate and depth of
breathing are consciously brought back under
control. The buildup of carbon dioxide in the body
can be hastened by controlled breathing in and out of
a paper bag held over the nose and mouth.
AIP ENR 1.15−5
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
3.3Early symptoms of hyperventilation and hypoxia
are similar. Moreover, hyperventilation and hypoxia
can occur at the same time. Therefore, if a pilot is
using an oxygen system when symptoms are
experienced, the oxygen regulator should immediately
be set to deliver 100 percent oxygen, and then the
system checked to assure that it has been functioning
effectively before giving attention to rate and depth of
breathing.
4. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Flight
4.1Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and
tasteless gas contained in exhaust fumes. When
breathed even in minute quantities over a period of
time, it can significantly reduce the ability of the
blood to carry oxygen. Consequently, effects of
hypoxia occur (see subparagraph 2.1).
4.2Most heaters in light aircraft work by air flowing
over the manifold. Use of these heaters while exhaust
fumes are escaping through manifold cracks and seals
is responsible every year for several nonfatal and fatal
aircraft accidents from carbon monoxide poisoning.
4.3A pilot who detects the odor of exhaust or
experiences symptoms of headache, drowsiness, or
dizziness while using the heater should suspect
carbon monoxide poisoning, and immediately shut
off the heater and open air vents. If symptoms are
severe, or continue after landing, medical treatment
should be sought.
5. Illusions in Flight
5.1Introduction.Many different illusions can be
experienced in flight. Some can lead to spatial
disorientation. Others can lead to landing errors.
Illusions rank among the most common factors cited
as contributing to fatal aircraft accidents.
5.2Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation
5.2.1Various complex motions and forces and
certain visual scenes encountered in flight can create
illusions of motion and position. Spatial disorientation
from these illusions can be prevented only by
visual reference to reliable, fixed points on the ground
　
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