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or to flight instruments.
5.2.2The Leans.An abrupt correction of a banked
attitude, which has been entered too slowly to
stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear,
can create the illusion of banking in the opposite
direction. The disoriented pilot will roll the aircraft
back into its original dangerous attitude or, if level
flight is maintained, will feel compelled to lean in the
perceived vertical plane until this illusion subsides.
5.2.3Coriolis Illusion.An abrupt head movement
in a prolonged constant−rate turn that has ceased
stimulating the motion sensing system can create the
illusion of rotation or movement in an entirely
different axis. The disoriented pilot will maneuver the
aircraft into a dangerous attitude in an attempt to stop
rotation. This most overwhelming of all illusions in
flight may be prevented by not making sudden,
extreme head movements, particularly while making
prolonged constant−rate turns under IFR conditions.
5.2.4Graveyard Spin.A proper recovery from a
spin that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing
system can create the illusion of spinning in the
opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will return
the aircraft to its original spin.
5.2.5Graveyard Spiral.An observed loss of
altitude during a coordinated constant−rate turn that
has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can
create the illusion of being in a descent with the wings
level. The disoriented pilot will pull back on the
controls, tightening the spiral and increasing the loss
of altitude.
5.2.6Somatogravic Illusion.A rapid acceleration
during takeoff can create the illusion of being in a
nose−up attitude. The disoriented pilot will push the
aircraft into a nose−low, or dive attitude. A rapid
deceleration by a quick reduction of the throttles can
have the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot
pulling the aircraft into a nose−up, or stall attitude.
5.2.7Inversion Illusion.An abrupt change from
climb to straight and level flight can create the
illusion of tumbling backwards. The disoriented pilot
will push the aircraft abruptly into a nose−low
attitude, possibly intensifying this illusion.
5.2.8Elevator Illusion.An abrupt upward vertical
acceleration, usually by an updraft, can create the
illusion of being in a climb. The disoriented pilot will
push the aircraft into a nose−low attitude. An abrupt
downward vertical acceleration, usually by a
downdraft, has the opposite effect, with the
disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose−up
attitude.
ENR 1.15−6 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
5.2.9False Horizon.Sloping cloud formations, an
obscured horizon, a dark scene spread with ground
lights and stars, and certain geometric patterns of
ground lights can create illusions of not being aligned
correctly with the actual horizon. The disoriented
pilot will place the aircraft in a dangerous attitude.
5.2.10Autokinesis.In the dark, a static light will
appear to move about when stared at for many
seconds. The disoriented pilot will lose control of the
aircraft in attempting to align it with the light.
5.3Illusions Leading to Landing Errors
5.3.1Various surface features and atmospheric
conditions encountered in landing can create illusions
of incorrect height above and distance from the
runway threshold. Landing errors from these
illusions can be prevented by anticipating them
during approaches, aerial visual inspection of
unfamiliar airports before landing, using electronic
glide slope or VASI systems when available, and
maintaining optimum proficiency in landing procedures.
5.3.2Runway Width Illusion.A narrower−than−
usual runway can create the illusion that the aircraft
is at a higher altitude than it actually is. The pilot who
does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower
approach, with the risk of striking objects along the
approach path or landing short. A wider−than−usual
runway can have the opposite effect, with the risk of
leveling out high and landing hard or overshooting
the runway.
5.3.3Runway and Terrain Slopes Illusion.An
upsloping runway, upsloping terrain, or both, can
create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher
altitude than it actually is. The pilot who does not
recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach. A
downsloping runway, downsloping approach terrain,
or both, can have the opposite effect.
5.3.4Featureless Terrain Illusion.An absence of
　
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