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·  The aircraft, fuelling vehicle,
hose nozzle, filters or anything
else through which fuel passes
should be electrically bonded
before the fuel cap is removed.
·  Don't refuel within 100 feet of
radar equipment that is
operating. Only essential
switches should be operated,
with radio silence observed
during fuelling.
·  Avoid fuelling during electrical
storms, and don't use bulbs or
electronic flash equipment
within the fuelling zone. Nonessential
engines should not be
run, but if any already running
are stopped, they should not be
restarted until fuel has ceased
flowing and there is no risk of
igniting vapours.
·  Brakes or chocks should be
applied, but some places require
brakes off when near fixed
installations.
·  Take out rescue and survival
equipment so if the thing blows
up you have something to hand.
Most important is daily checking,
before flying. Spilt fuel should be
neutralised - move the aircraft or
wait for it to evaporate before
starting engines again.
Fuel can burn you. High vapour
concentrations will irritate the eyes,
nose, throat and lungs and may
cause anasthaesia, headaches,
dizziness and other central nervous
system problems. Ingestion (like
when siphoning) may cause
bronchopneumonia or similar
nasties, including leukemia and death.
If you get it on your clothes, ground
Flight Operations 171
yourself before removing any and
rinse them in clean water. Fuel spills
on the ground must be covered with
dirt as quickly as possible.
Otherwise, everybody not involved
in the process should keep clear—at
least 50m away, but for exceptions
see later.
Fuel density changes with
temperature -on a hot day, you won't
get as much in, and will get less
endurance. So, the colder the
temperature, the heavier the fuel. In
general, you can take avgas as
weighing 6 lbs per US gal, Jet A at
6.8 lbs and Jet B at 6.5.
Bird Hazards
Prevention is better than cure, and
you may like to avoid birds as much
as possible. Notifications of
permanent or seasonal
concentrations of birds are
sometimes in NOTAMs. Otherwise,
keep away from bird sanctuaries or
other areas where they may be
expected, such as along shorelines or
rivers in Autumn or Spring—
migrating birds use line features for
navigation as well, but they don't
necessarily keep 300m to the right.
Gulls seem to be struck the most
often, and they hang around the
seaside or rubbish tips.
Most birdstrikes happen between
July-October, during daylight hours,
hitting mainly engines and
windshields. Noticeably fewer occur
at height, so try to fly as high as
possible, certainly above 1500 or
even 3000 ft (40% of strikes occur
on the ground, or during takeoff and
landing. 15% occur up to about 100’
agl. The highest so far hit a DC-8 at
FL 390). Also, the lower you go, the
slower you should be. Avoid high
speed descent and approach—half
the speed means a quarter of the
impact energy. A short delay on the
approach could mean the clearance
of a group of birds, as they do move
in waves. Groups of birds will
usually break away downwards from
anything hazardous, so try to fly
upwards if possible. You could also
use landing lights to make yourself
more visible, especially where two
are flashing alternately. Avoid freshly
ploughed or harvested fields, and
beware of updraughts in mountains
areas, where birds will be trying to
get some free lift. Birds are most
active at dawn and dusk.
The impact force from a bird
increases with the square of the
speed—at 110 kts, the impact from a
1 lb bird can exceed 1200 lbs
sq/inch (the force is actually
determined by the square of your
speed multiplied by the mass of the
bird). The problem is that, below a
certain weight of aircraft, the
windshield will only be designed to
keep out rain and insects. However,
a hot windshield is more pliable and
less easy to shatter—some aircraft
need these on for take-off and
landing, but if there is nothing in the
flight manual about the optimum
warmup time, use 15 minutes.
Overheating is as bad as
underheating, so be wary if your
aircraft has been left in the sun a
long time. If you get a birdstrike,
stop and inspect the damage
immediately. If you can't, make sure
　
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