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clear the zone the most direct way as
quickly as possible, avoiding
airfields.
The military have a system of flying
a left or right-handed triangle pattern
that can be seen on radar, although
it's usually only used if you're lost as
well as having a duff radio. Use it as
a last resort, though, because ATC
have other things to look out for
than possible triangles. If they do
recognise your problem, they will
send up a shepherd aircraft to
formate on you and bring you down,
so remain VMC if you can, and as
high as possible so radar can see you
better. If you can squawk Mode C,
do so, because that will give a height
readout to work with. If you can
only receive, fly in a right-handed
pattern for a minute (over 300 knots,
make it two). Fly at best endurance
speed and make each 120 degree
turn as tight as possible. If you can't
transmit either, do the same, but to
the left.
RT Emergency Procedures
Always declare an Emergency, even
if you have to downgrade it later.
Distress
The Distress call (or "MAYDAY") is
used when threatened by grave and
imminent danger and in most urgent
need of immediate assistance (like
when your a single engine fails), you
can use the letters SOS in Morse
Code (… --- …), or the spoken
words MAYDAY, repeated three
times, followed by any relevant
details, like your position. You can
also fire rockets or red lights at short
intervals, with parachute flares.
The official frequency is 121.5 MHz.
138 JAR Private Pilot Studies
If and when the threat is over, the
Distress call must be cancelled by
notification on ALL frequencies on
which the original message was sent.
To cancel a MAYDAY:
·  State the word MAYDAY once
·  Say ALL STATIONS three
times
·  Aircraft ID
·  Station called
·  Time
·  Name of station in distress
·  DISTRESS TRAFFIC
ENDED
·  Station called
·  OUT
If you hear a distress call, you should
record the position of the aircraft in
distress, and the bearing, inform
ATC or an RCC, then proceed to
the position.
Once there, if a rescue is in progress,
do not interfere without checking
with the controlling aircraft.
Urgency
The Urgency call (or "PAN") spoken
three times, indicates a very urgent
message concerning the safety of a
ship, aircraft or other vehicle, or of
some person on board or in sight. If
you just wish to mention you are
compelled to land, but don’t need
help right away, switch the landing
lights and/or navigation lights on
and off in an irregular pattern.
The official frequency is 121.5 MHz.
Some Questions
1. Why does attenuation occur?
2. As frequency increases, does the
dead space become larger or smaller?
What happens to the skip distance?
3. What is the Maximum Useable
Frequency?
4. What is QDM? QDR? QTE?
5. When will the VOR flag appear?
6. If you are tracking towards a VOR
on the 180° radial, and drift is 15° to
port, what is your heading?
Some Answers
1. The circumference of the wave
front increases, the Earth's surface
absorbs some of the energy, and so
does the ionosphere.
2. It gets larger. The skip distance
increases.
3. The frequency that causes the first
returning sky wave to fall just short
of the receiving station.
4. QDM is the magnetic great circle
bearing of a station from an aircraft,
or the great circle heading to fly to
the station in still air conditions.
QDR is the reciprocal of the QDM,
often referred to as a radial. QTE is
the true great circle bearing of an
aircraft from a station.
5. When the transmissions are faulty,
the aircraft is out of range or
otherwise out of the signal path, or if
there is a power failure.
6. 015°. You are on the 180° radial,
so you are pointing towards the VOR.
Just add the drift. (in an exam, you
would probably be asked to draw a
diagram of your position with
reference to more than one beacon).
Navigation
Navigation involves taking an
aircraft from place to place without
reference to the ground, except,
perhaps, for checking you’ve got the
right destination! To do this, a
system called Dead Reckoning is used,
which is actually short for Deduced
Reckoning, based on solving a triangle
　
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