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there is no standing water.
·  Flooded – there is extensive
standing water visible.
Markings & Signals
For a 2500m landing distance, the
distance from the threshold to the
aiming point is 400m, with 6 pairs of
markings on a 2500m runway.
Two or more white crosses (with
arms at 45° to the center line) along
a section or at both ends of a runway
or taxiway mean that the section
between them is unfit for aircraft
movement:
The white T with a disc above (for
airborne machines) and a single
black ball suspended from a mast
(for those on the ground), mean that
the directions for takeoff and
landing are not necessarily the same.
A mandatory instruction sign has
white text on a red background.
Taxiways
Paved taxiways should have centre
line markings, for continuous
guidance between runways and
aircraft stands.
Holding Points
A non-instrument runway will have a
yellow single solid and a single
dashed line across the taxiway (the
Air Law 191
dashed line will be on the runway
side). An instrument runway has a
double set of each (see overleaf).
They indicate a point beyond which
no part of an aircraft may project
without prior permission from ATC.
Identification Beacons
Military aerodromes have a flashing
beacon at night coloured red,
showing a two-letter Morse group.
Passenger Briefings
The regulations impose on you the
responsibility for the safety and wellbeing
of your passengers. The
Common Law also imposes on you a
duty of care to your neighbour, so it
is a good idea to brief them before
every flight, or at least take all
reasonable steps to do so.
A lot depends on what your
passengers are going to do at the
destination – if you’re going to shut
down, then tell them to stay seated
until everything stops (it helps to
explain why you have to sit there for
2 minutes). If it involves a running
disembarkation, one passenger
should be briefed to operate the
baggage door and do the unloading.
Everyone else must leave the rotor
disc area. Similar action must be
taken with a running pickup.
Nobody should enter the area of
ground covered by the main rotor
disc of a helicopter without your
permission (indicated by "thumbs
up" during the day, or a flash of the
landing light by night):
Movement in and out of this area
should be to the front or at 45o to
the longitudinal axis, ensuring that all
movement is within your field of
vision. Additionally, no movement
should be allowed during startup or
rundown (due to the dangers of
blade sailing) and nobody should
approach the rear of a helicopter AT
ANY TIME. You can help by
landing in such a way that passengers
have no choice but to go forward,
but watch the doors aren't forced
against their stops if the wind is
behind you.
Transistor radios, tape recorders and
the like should not be operated in
flight as they may interfere with
navigation equipment. If you don't
believe me, tune to an AM station, as
used by ADF, on a cheap radio and
switch on an even cheaper calculator
nearby—you will find the radio is
blanked out by white noise. In fact,
the radiations from TVs and radios
come within the VOR and ILS
regions as well. Cellular phones are
dodgy, too, but when you're up in
the air, you also log on to more than
192 JAR Private Pilot Studies
one cell, which screws up the
system, whereupon the FBI get
upset because they can’t find you
(cell phones can be tracked). In any
case, using mobile phones is against
the ANO, aircraft radio licence and
telephone licence, because they
interfere with aircraft systems.
Anyway, as I said, you, as
commander, are responsible for
ensuring that all passengers are
briefed, or have equipment
demonstrated, as outlined below.
Pre-flight
Before take-off and landing (and
whenever you deem it necessary, e.g.
during turbulence), they also need to
be told about the dangers involved
in various aspects of aircraft
operation, in particular the location
of all exits and the use of safety
equipment required to be carried,
but also:
·  Your authority as aircraft
Commander.
·  Methods of approaching the
aircraft, in particular avoiding
exhausts and tail rotors—if
nearby aircraft have their
engines running, it could mask
　
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