曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

requirements that separated MNPS from RNP. However, RNP has come a long way since its inception and
the development of the RNP-10 approvals for PAC operations have brought it much closer to the original
MNPS concept. The ICAO Air Navigation Plan for the North Atlantic Region states that the intention in the
future is that navigational performance is expected to be tied to a level of RNP. This will probably require
the carriage of dual GPS to allow the required on-board performance monitoring and alerting which would
be necessary for the closer track spacing then envisaged.
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL CHAPTER 8
NAT MNPS 41 Edition 2009
(For more detailed information on RNP and MNPS see the following ICAO Documents: Doc 9613 –
„Performance Based Navigation Manual‟ and NAT Doc 001 – „Consolidated Guidance and
Information Material concerning Air Navigation in the North Atlantic Region (available at
http://www.nat-pco.org /.)
8.1.4 Obviously, there are several combinations of airborne sensors, receivers, computers with
navigation data bases and displays which are capable of producing like accuracies, and which with inputs to
automatic flight control systems provide track guidance. However, regardless of how sophisticated or
mature a system is, it is still essential that stringent navigation and cross checking procedures are maintained
if Gross Navigation Errors (GNEs) are to be avoided. A GNE within NAT Airspace is defined as a deviation
from cleared track of 25 NM or more. Some of these errors are detected by means of long range radars as
aircraft leave oceanic airspace. Other such errors may also be identified through the scrutiny of routine
position reports from aircraft.
8.1.5 All reported navigation errors in North Atlantic airspace are thoroughly investigated.
Records show that navigation equipment or system technical failures are now fortunately rare. However,
when they do occur they can be subtle or progressive, resulting in a gradual and perhaps not immediately
discernible degradation of performance. Chapter 11 of this Manual provides guidance on detection and
recovery when such problems are encountered.
8.1.6 Unfortunately, human failings produce the vast majority of navigation errors in the North
Atlantic Region. As indicated above, while the flexible OTS structure and the employment of a 60 NM
lateral separation standard, provide for highly efficient use of NAT airspace, they also bring with them a
demand for strictly disciplined navigation procedures. About half of NAT flights route via an OTS track and
a large portion of the remaining random flights follow routes that at some point approach within one or two
degrees of the outermost OTS tracks. One consequence of this is that a single digit error in the latitude of
one significant point of an aircraft‟s route definition will very likely lead to a conflict with another aircraft
which is routing correctly via the resulting common significant point. Ironically, the risk of an actual
collision between two aircraft routing via a common point, as is the case when such errors are made, is
further exacerbated by the improved technical accuracy of the modern navigation equipment employed.
8.1.7 Today in North Atlantic operations the predominant source of aircraft positioning
information is that of GPS. This includes aircraft that use stand-alone GPS equipment and aircraft where
GPS positioning information is integrated into the system navigation solution (e.g. a GPS / IRS mix). The
accuracy of GPS navigation is such that the actual flight paths of any two GPS equipped aircraft navigating
to a common point will almost certainly pass that point within less than a wingspan of each other. Given that
the North Atlantic is the most heavily used oceanic airspace anywhere in the world, it must therefore be
appreciated that even a single digit error in just one waypoint can result in a significant conflict potential.
8.1.8 The importance of employing strict navigation system operating procedures designed to
avoid the insertion of wrong waypoints or misunderstandings between pilots and ATC over cleared routes
cannot be over-emphasised. The principles embodied in many of the procedures described in this Chapter
are aimed squarely at the prevention of such problems.
8.1.9 Many of the procedures listed in this Chapter are not equipment specific and others may not
be pertinent to every aircraft. For specific equipment, reference should be made to Manufacturers' and
operators' handbooks and manuals.
8.1.10 There are various references in this material to two pilots; however when carried, a third
crew member should be involved in all cross check procedures to the extent practicable.
8.1.11 Maintenance of a high standard of navigation performance is absolutely essential to the
　
中國航空網 www.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：航空翻譯14(117)