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N91-28153.
• Krauss, A.J., “Considerations on Optimality of Landing Gear Arrangement and
Design,” N91-28156.
• Ladda, V., and Struck, H., “Operational Loads on Landing Gears,” N91-28158.
C.3. Government/Industry Standards
FAR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes, Federal Aviation
Administration, Washington, DC, October 1994.
144
“Standardized Method of Reporting Airport Pavement Strength,” AC 150/5335-5,
Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, June 1983.
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 3: Pavements, International Civil Aviation
Organization, Doc. 9157-AN/901, 1983.
1994 Aircraft Year Book, The Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 1994.
Special Design Charts for Concrete Airport Pavement, Portland Cement Association,
1993.
Packard, R. G., Design of Concrete Airport Pavement, Portland Cement Association,
1973.
The following aerospace recommended practices have been developed by the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear System Committee:
ARP 597 Wheels and Brakes, Supplementary Criteria for Design Endurance,
Civil Transport Aircraft, April 1991.
ARP 1311 Aircraft Landing Gear, January 1995.
ARP 1494 Verification of Landing Gear Design Strength, February 1978.
ARP 1598 Landing Gear System Development Plan, August 1985.
ARP 1821 Aircraft Flotation Analysis Methods, May 1988.
ARP 1934 Use of Carbon Heat Sink Brakes on Aircraft, April 1990.
ARP 4243 Landing Area/Landing Gear Compatibility, April 1993.
C.4. Technical Papers/Reports
C.4.1 Landing Gear Design
O’Massey, R. C., “Introduction to Landing Gear Design,” ASM Paper W70-18.1, March
1970. (extensive data on shock absorber struts, somewhat lesser data on tire scrubbing
and materials)
Attri, N.S., and Amberg, R.L., “Advances in Landing Gear Systems,” Paper No. 13,
AGARD CP 299: Subsystem Testing and Flight Testing Instrumentation, October 1980
Young, D.W., “Aircraft Landing Gears - The Past, ,Present and Future,” Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Proceedings, Part G, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 200,
1986, pp. 179-196. (This is an excellent survey for designers to read to get an overview
of the problem.)
Veaux, J., “New Design Procedures Applied to Landing Gear Development,” Journal of
Aircraft, Vol. 25, No. 10, October 1988, pp. 904-910 (This paper describes the use of
CAD tools in the landing gear design process, and is not directly germane to the current
project.)
Jenkins, S. F. N., “Landing Gear Design and Development,” Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Proceedings, Part G, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 203, 1989, pp.
67-73.
145
Tanner, J. A. Ed., Aircraft Landing Gear Systems, PT-37, SAE A-5 Landing Gear
Systems Committee, 1990.
Greenbank, S. J., “Landing Gear: The Aircraft Requirement,” Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Proceedings, Part G, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 205, 1991, pp.
27-34.
C.4.2 Weight Estimation
Wille, R. H., “Analytical Weight Estimation of Unconventional Landing Gear Design,”
SAWE Paper 1905, May 1989.
Wille, R.H., “Landing Gear Weight Optimization Using Taguchi Analysis,” SAWE
Journal, Winter 1990, pp. 31-40.
Kraus, P. R., “An Analytical Approach to Landing Gear Weight Estimation,” SAWE
Paper No. 829, May 1970.
Liebeck, R. H., Page, M. A., Rawdon, B. K., Scott, P. W., and Wright, R. A., “Concepts
for Advanced Subsonic Transports,” NASA CR-4624, September 1994.
Marsh, D. P., “Theory of Transport Aircraft Weight Fractions,” SAWE Paper 1452,
1982.
Elsaie, A. M. and Santillan, R. Jr., “Structural Optimization of Landing Gear Using
STARSTRUC,” SAE Technical Paper 871047, 1987.
Saelman, B., “Designing Cylinders and Struts for Maximum Strength,” Machine Design,
Vol. 25, No. 8, August 1953, pp. 133-138
C.4.3 Center of Gravity and Load Balancing
Chai, S., Crisafulli, P., and Mason, W. H., “Aircraft Center of Gravity Estimation in
Conceptual Design,” AIAA Paper 95-3882, September 1995.
Davis, E., “Center of Gravity Envelope Development, 747-400F,” SAWE Paper 2200,
May 1994. (definitive explanation of 747 cg envelope)
Field, G.G., “MD-11 Design—Evolution not Revolution,” AIAA Paper 87-2928, 1987.
Contains details of the DC-10 and MD-11 cg range and tail sizing X-plots. Interesting
description of the process.
Packing Problem References
Samuel Eilon and Nicos Christofides, “The Loading Problem,” Management Science,
　
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