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3.1 PHONEMES..............................................................................................................14
3.2 NOISE......................................................................................................................15
3.3 INTELLIGIBILITY .....................................................................................................16
3.4 SPEECH AND MEMORY............................................................................................19
3.5 EXPECTATION .........................................................................................................21
3.6 EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION ..................................................................................22
3.7 QUALITATIVE INFORMATION IN SPEECH .................................................................23
4. VOICE COMMUNICATIONS IN THE AIR TRAFFIC SYSTEM.................25
4.1 STANDARDISATION IN COMMUNICATIONS ..............................................................26
4.2 ENGLISH—THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE OF AVIATION ....................................28
4.3 CANADA AND THE ISSUE OF BILINGUAL AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ............................30
4.4 CULTURE ................................................................................................................32
4.5 GENDER AND PHYSIOLOGY .....................................................................................33
5. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS AND THE LAW.............35
5.1 DUTY TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION.........................................................36
5.2 DUTY TO WARN OF KNOWN DANGERS ...................................................................37
5.3 DUTY TO WARN OF POTENTIAL DANGERS ..............................................................38
6. TYPES OF MISCOMMUNICATION.................................................................40
6.1 ABSENT-MINDEDNESS AND SLIPS............................................................................40
6.2 AMBIGUITY.............................................................................................................40
6.3 CALLSIGN CONFUSION............................................................................................41
6.4 CODE SWITCHING ...................................................................................................42
6.5 DIFFERENT VOICES .................................................................................................42
6.6 EMERGENCIES.........................................................................................................42
6.7 ENUNCIATION .........................................................................................................43
6.8 EXPECTATION .........................................................................................................43
6.9 HEADSETS...............................................................................................................43
6.10 HOMONYMS AND HOMOPHONY.............................................................................44
6.11 NOISE....................................................................................................................44
6.12 NOT HEARING.......................................................................................................44
6.13 NUMBER PROBLEMS..............................................................................................44
6.14 OPEN MICROPHONES .............................................................................................45
6.15 READBACK ERROR................................................................................................45
1
6.16 SIMILARITY OF SIDS, STARS AND WAYPOINTS ...................................................45
6.17 SPEECH ACTS........................................................................................................45
6.18 SPEED OF DELIVERY AND PAUSES.........................................................................46
6.19 VIGILANCE............................................................................................................46
7. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................47
8. APPENDIX 1 CASE STUDY: MOUNT ISA, 1991 ..........................................49
9. APPENDIX 2 CASE STUDY: TENERIFE, 1977 .............................................51
10. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................55
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER IN INFORMATION
TRANSFER. ..............................................................................................................9
FIGURE 2: INTELLIGIBILITY OF WORDS WHEN PERCEIVED WITH AND WITHOUT VISUAL
　
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