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and will perform casualty evacuation tasks. Utility helicopters can also be employed to lift
properly equipped quick reaction forces to block or reinforce threatened areas. Reconnaissance
helicopters provide timely intelligence information and direct and control the fire of other assets.
Transport helicopters are used primarily during the preparatory phase of the defence, but may be
called upon to rapidly shift personnel and weapons across the area of operations, as enemy
intentions become clear.
Engagement
Area
DSA
Tactical Helicopter Operations
22 B-GA-440-000/AF-000
DELAYING OPERATIONS
29. Delaying operations trade space for time, seek to slow the enemy's momentum, and
generally strive to inflict the maximum damage possible without the delaying forces becoming
decisively engaged. Delaying operations set the stage for subsequent defensive or offensive
actions.
30. Armed and reconnaissance helicopters can provide valuable assistance to land forces
committed to screening and guarding operations, while other tactical aviation assets are most
likely concentrating their efforts on preparations for the next stage of the operation.
TRANSITIONAL PHASES
31. Transitional phases link the three primary operations of war. They are not decisive. The
transitional phases are the advance to contact, the meeting engagement, the link-up, the
withdrawal, and relief operations.
a. The Advance to Contact. In the advance to contact the commander seeks to gain
or re-establish contact with the enemy under favourable conditions. By seeking
contact in this deliberate manner, the advance to contact differs from the meeting
engagement where contact is made unexpectedly.
b. The Meeting Engagement. The meeting engagement is a combat action that
occurs between two moving forces. A meeting engagement will often lead to a
hasty attack. In offensive and defensive operations it will often mark a moment of
transition in that the outcome may well decide the nature of subsequent
operations.
c. The Link-Up. A link-up is conducted where friendly forces are to join across
enemy controlled territory. Its aim will be to establish contact between two or
more friendly units or formations.
d. The Withdrawal. A withdrawal occurs when a force disengages from an enemy
force. Although disengagement of main forces is intended, screen or
reconnaissance forces may maintain contact.
e. Relief Operations. Relief operations occur when combat activities are taken over
by another force. There are three types of relief operations: the Relief in Place,
the Forward Passage of Lines, and the Rearward Passage of Lines.
Operations
B-GA-440-000/AF-000 23
SECTION 5
DEEP, CLOSE, AND REAR OPERATIONS
32. Three closely related sets of activities characterize military activities within a theatre:
deep, close, and rear operations. These operations must be considered together and fought as a
whole; they must also be considered within the context of levels of command. There is no
distinct transition line between these operational areas. Their location varies immensely
depending on the perspective of the commander involved. For example, a brigade may be
conducting a close operation as part of a Corps level deep operation. They are conducted
concurrently.
33. Deep Operations. Deep operations are
normally those conducted against the enemy's
forces or resources not currently engaged in the
close fight. During deep operations, attack
helicopter assets may destroy specific high
value targets or attack concentrations of
armour. Air assault assets may conduct cross-
FLOT operations to capture vital ground.
Special Forces may conduct the insertion and
extraction of deep reconnaissance teams and
raiding parties. Deep operations require
detailed joint planning and extensive
intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB).
Within high threat environments, deep aviation
operations must be fully supported by all
available resources, with particular emphasis on
the suppression of enemy air defences (SEAD)
and electronic warfare (EW).
34. Close Operations. Forces in immediate
contact with the enemy, in the offence or the
defence, are involved in close operations. All
forms of helicopters will support close
operations. Attack helicopters will be
superimposed on the Anti-Armour plan;
reconnaissance helicopters will provide early
warning and security. Utility and transport
aircraft conduct casualty evacuation, troop
movement, and supply.
Tactical Helicopter Operations
24 B-GA-440-000/AF-000
35. Rear Operations. Rear operations assist in
providing freedom of action and allow for the continuity
　
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