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tactical plans must take into account the possibility that one or more of the aircraft
involved in an operation may become unsafe to fly during the conduct of the
operation; alternate aircraft and priority loads must therefore be identified and
incorporated into the plans.
Tactical Helicopter Operations
8 B-GA-440-000/AF-000
c. Logistic Support. Helicopters utilize relatively large quantities of fuel, and must
have access to their fuel, ammunition, and other supplies at forward sites to
effectively conduct operations. Logistic requirements must be identified early on
in the conduct of battle procedure.
d. Night. There are many tactical advantages in operating at night; however
darkness also requires more detailed pre-mission planning and imposes some
operating limitations. These may require helicopters to operate at slightly higher
altitudes, following simpler flight paths and at reduced speeds. Separation
between aircraft, and landing site selection require extra attention. Developments
in night vision aids, covert illumination, navigation equipment and
instrumentation are progressively reducing, the difference between day and night
flying operations.
e. Payload. In order to be able to take-off and land vertically, helicopters utilize a
large percentage of their available power for these regimes of flight. As a result,
helicopter payloads are considerably smaller than for fixed wing aircraft having
comparable power plants. In addition, helicopter payloads are adversely affected
by high ambient temperatures and/or high operating altitudes present during takeoff
and landing.
f. Security. Helicopter units must be located to maximize their protection.
Concealment is made difficult due to the lack of ground mobility, the inability to
occupy rugged irregular terrain, and the time required for camouflaging fragile
objects.
g. Vulnerability. Despite advances in aircraft performance, instrumentation,
navigation and self-protection equipment, tactical helicopters remain highly
vulnerable to most weapons systems. Small arms remain effective helicopter
killers. Aircraft performance, defensive equipment, terrain, and threat air defence
capabilities will define the tactics for employing tactical aviation during
operations. Serious consideration must also be given to the concealment,
location, and protection of aviation assets deployed.
h. Weather. Helicopters are capable of operating in conditions of lower visibility
and under much lower cloud cover than possible with fixed wing aircraft. Most
helicopters have restrictions prohibiting or restricting flight in icing conditions,
and to a lesser degree, operations may be restricted in falling snow. Strong
surface winds may make the starting and stopping of rotor blades hazardous, and
may require flying operations to be delayed until conditions improve. Weather
remains the most common cause of delays to planned missions.
Introduction
B-GA-440-000/AF-000 9
SECTION 8
PRINCIPLES OF TACTICAL HELICOPTER EMPLOYMENT
16. To be successful during military operations, positive characteristics must be exploited,
limitations minimized, and accepted principles adhered to. Commanders at all levels must
conduct thorough planning by taking all of these factors into account.
17. Experience has shown that certain key principles must be applied for the effective use of
air power. These principles, which are more fully detailed in BGA 400, are all directly
applicable to the use of tactical helicopters in support of the land forces:
a. Centralized Command and Control. Centralized Command and Control promotes
an integrated effort and enables air forces to be employed to meet the recognized
operational priorities. It also allows air action to be refocused quickly to exploit
fleeting opportunities, respond to the changing demands of the operational
situation, and to be concentrated at the critical place and time to achieve decisive
results. Centralized Command and Control is essential if air power is to be
employed in unified action. It helps avoiding air power being divided into 'pennypackets',
which inhibit flexibility and concentration of force. Centralized
Command and Control also ensures that the air effort is co-ordinated and
employed against practical objectives. It must be exercised at the highest
practical level; care must be taken not to set this level too high, as this will inhibit
flexibility and create other inefficiencies.
b. Decentralized Execution. No single commander can personally direct all of the
detailed actions of a large number of air units or individuals. Therefore,
decentralized execution is essential, and is accomplished by delegating
　
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