III. Area Control Service
HORIZONTAL SEPARATION
Note 1.— Nothing in the provisions detailed in Sections 7 and 8 hereunder precludes a State from establishing:
a) other minima for use in circumstances not prescribed; or
b) additional conditions to those prescribed for the use of a given minimum;
provided that the level of safety inherent in the provisions detailed in Sections 7 and 8 hereunder is at all times assured.
Note 2.— Provisions governing radar separation are set forth in Part VI, 7.3.
Note 3.— Details on track spacing between parallel routes are provided in Annex 11, Attachments A and B.
Note 4.— Attention is drawn to the following guidance material:
a) Air Traffic Services Planning Manual (Doc 9426);
b) Manual on Airspace Planning Methodology for the Determination of Separation Minima (Doc 9689); and
c) Manual on Required Navigation Performance (RNP) (Doc 9613).
7. Lateral separation
7.1 Lateral separation application
7.1.1 Lateral separation shall be applied so that the distance between those portions of the intended routes for which the aircraft are to be laterally separated is never less than an established distance to account for navigational inaccuracies plus a specified buffer. This buffer shall be determined by the appropriate authority and included in the lateral separation minima as an integral part thereof.
Note.— In the minima specified in 7.2 an appropriate buffer has already been included.
7.1.2 Lateral separation of aircraft at the same level is obtained by requiring operation on different routes or in different geographical locations as determined by visual observation, by the use of navigation aids or by the use of area navigation equipment.
7.1.3 When information is received indicating navigation equipment failure or deterioration below the navigation per-formance requirements, ATC shall then, as required, apply alternative separation minima.
7.2 Lateral separation criteria and minima
7.2.1 Means by which lateral separation may be applied include the following:
7.2.1.1 Using the same or different geographic locations. By position reports which positively indicate the aircraft are over different geographic locations as determined visually or by reference to a navigation aid (see Figure III-1).
Figure III-1 (see 7.2.1.1)
7.2.1.2 Using the same navigation aid or method. By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid or method employed as follows:
a) VOR: at least 15 degrees and at a distance of 28 km (15 NM) or more from the facility (see Figure III-2);
b) NDB: at least 30 degrees and at a distance of 28 km (15 NM) or more from the facility (see Figure III-3);
c) dead reckoning (DR): aircraft established on tracks diverging by at least 45 degrees and at a distance of 28 km (15 NM) or more from the point of intersection of the tracks, this point being determined either visually or by reference to a navigation aid and both aircraft are established outbound from the intersection (see Figure III-4); or
d) RNAV operations: aircraft established on tracks which diverge by at least 15 degrees. Lateral separation exists when the protected airspace associated with the track of one aircraft does not overlap with the protected airspace associated with the track of the other aircraft. This is determined by applying the angular difference between two tracks and the appropriate protected airspace value. The derived value is expressed as a distance from the intersection of the two tracks at which lateral separation exists.
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