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the ground above the stall speed. Go-arounds are normal
procedures and should be performed if there is any question
as to the successful outcome of any landing.
12-1
Night Operations
Chapter 12
Introduction
It must be understood that fl ying at night presents a number
of new challenges for the pilot and additional equipment for
the aircraft. Flying at night in a weight-shift control (WSC)
aircraft should be done only with some visual reference
to the ground such as city lights or a full moon. Flying
with no consistent visual reference to the surface results in
disorientation, a likely loss of control, and an accident. New
WSC aircraft can be fi tted with instruments similar to those
in airplanes in order to fl y at night without visual reference
to the horizon, but this is not recommended. However, fl ying
with instruments is covered in this chapter.
12-2
Aircraft must have position lights
Sport pilots and private pilots with night restriction can fly
Night
Sunset/Sunrise
Day Civil Twlight
Figure 12-1. Day, twilight, and night time.
Pilot Requirements
Flying at night requires additional pilot skills and a private
pilot certifi cate. It is possible to have a private pilot certifi cate
with a “Night Flight Prohibited” limitation if the pilot did
not complete night fl ight training and is restricted from night
fl ight, similar to that for Sport Pilots. This is an option for
pilots who want a private pilot certifi cate but do not plan to
fl y at night. If the pilot fi rst obtains the private certifi cate
with the night limitation, the limitation can be removed after
completing the private pilot WSC night training. The training
that must be accomplished at night for WSC private pilot
night fl ying privileges is:
1. One cross-country fl ight over 75 nautical miles (NM)
total distance, and
2. Ten takeoffs and landings (each landing involving a
fl ight in the traffi c pattern) at an airport.
Sport pilots or private pilots with the night limitation are not
allowed to fl y at night; however, they can fl y after sunset
during civil twilight until night if the aircraft is properly
equipped with position lights. Civil twilight is when the sun
is less than 6° below the horizon, about 30 minutes before
sunrise or after sunset, and varies by latitude throughout
the year. It is the time when there is enough light outdoors
for activities to be conducted without additional lighting.
[Figure 12-1] If it is overcast and visibility is inadequate,
good pilot judgment would dictate not to fl y after sunset.
Equipment and Lighting
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91
specifi es the minimum aircraft equipment required for fl ight
during civil twilight and night fl ight. This equipment includes
only position lights. Normal standard category aircraft are
required to have this additional equipment as would also be
recommended for WSC night fl ight, including anti-collision
light, landing lights, adequate electrical source for lights, and
spare fuses. The standard instruments required for instrument
fl ight under 14 CFR part 91 are a valuable asset for aircraft
control at night but are not required.
Aircraft position lights are required on all aircraft from sunset
to sunrise in an arrangement similar to those on boats and
ships. A red light is positioned on the left wing tip, a green
light on the right wing tip, and a white light on the tail.
[Figures 12-2 and 12-3] This arrangement allows the pilot
to determine the general direction of movement of other
aircraft in fl ight. If both position lights of another aircraft
are observed, a red light on the right and a green light on the
left, the aircraft is fl ying toward the pilot and could be on a
collision course. Similarly, a green light on the right and a
red light on the left indicate the aircraft is fl ying in the same
direction as the pilot observing the lights. Landing lights
are not only useful for taxi, takeoffs, and landings, but also
provide an additional means by which aircraft can be seen
at night by other pilots. [Figure 12-4]
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has initiated
a voluntary pilot safety program called “Operation Lights
On.” The “lights on” idea is to enhance the “see and be seen”
concept of averting collisions in the air and on the ground and
to reduce the potential for bird strikes. Pilots are encouraged
to turn on their landing lights when operating within 10 miles
of an airport. This is for both day and night or in conditions
　
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