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Towered airport. An airport that has an operating control
tower.
Track. The actual path made over the ground in flight.
Traffic pattern. The traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft
landing at or taking off from an airport.
Traffic pattern indicators. Ground based visual indicators
that identify traffic pattern direction at certain airports.
Trailing edge. The aft edge of the airfoil. In normal flight,
it is the portion of the airfoil where airflow over the upper
surface rejoins the lower surface airflow.
Training bars. An attachment to the control frame which
allows the instructor in the rear seat to move the control bar
and control the pitch and bank with a solid attachment.
Transponder. The airborne portion of the secondary
surveillance radar system. The transponder emits a reply
when queried by a radar facility.
Tricycle gear configuration. Landing gear configuration
employing a third wheel located on the nose of the aircraft.
True airspeed. Actual airspeed, determined by applying a
correction for pressure altitude and temperature to the CAS.
Because air density decreases with an increase in altitude, an
airplane has to be flown faster at higher altitudes to cause the
same pressure difference between pitot impact pressure and
static pressure. Therefore, for a given calibrated airspeed,
true airspeed increases as altitude increases; or for a given
true airspeed, calibrated airspeed decreases as altitude
increases.
True altitude. The vertical distance of the airplane above
sea level. the actual altitude. It is often expressed as feet
above mean sea level (MSL). Airport, terrain, and obstacle
elevations on sectional charts are true altitudes.
TRSA. See Terminal Radar Service Area.
Tuck. A nose down situation in a WSC where the pitch
angle is over 90 degrees down resulting from a whip stall or
severe turbulence.
Tumble. The WSC rotating uncontrollably around its
lateral axis from a whip stall or severe turbulence. Results
of a tumble would probably cause a structural failure with
catastrophic consequences.
Turbulence. An occurrence in which a flow of fluid is
unsteady.
Twist. The design of the WSC wing in which a wing is
twisted so its angle of attack is less at the tip than at the root.
G-18
This decreases the lift the wing produces at the tip to improve
the stall characteristics of the wing. Also called washout.
Two-stroke engine. A simple form of reciprocating engine
that completes its operating cycle in two strokes of its
piston, one down and one up. Two-stroke-cycle engines are
inefficient in their use of fuel, but their simplicity makes
them popular for powering light-sport aircraft and ultralight
vehicles where light weight and low cost are paramount.
Ultralight. A single person only vehicle as defined by 14
CFR section 103.1.
Uncontrolled airspace. Class G airspace that has not been
designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. It is airspace in which
air traffic control has no authority or responsibility to control
air traffic; however, pilots should remember there are VFR
minimums which apply to this airspace.
Unicom. A nongovernment air/ground radio communication
station which may provide airport information at public use
airports where there is no tower or automated flight service
station.
Unusable fuel. Fuel that cannot be consumed by the engine.
This fuel is considered part of the empty weight of the
aircraft.
Useful load. The weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers,
baggage, usable fuel, and drainable oil. It is the basic empty
weight subtracted from the maximum allowable gross weight.
This term applies to general aviation aircraft only.
Unstabilized approach. The final approach of an aircraft that
has not achieved a stable rate of descent or controlled flight
track by a predetermined altitude, usually 500 feet AGL.
Unusual attitude. An unintentional, unanticipated, or
extreme aircraft attitude.
Useful load. The weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers,
baggage, usable fuel, and drainable oil. It is the basic empty
weight subtracted from the maximum allowable gross weight.
This term applies to general aviation aircraft only.
User-defined waypoints. Waypoint location and other data
which may be input by the user, this is the only GPS database
information that may be altered (edited) by the user.
Upwind Leg. A flight path parallel to the landing runway in
the direction of landing.
Vapor lock. A problem that mostly affects gasoline-fuelled
internal combustion engines. It occurs when the liquid fuel
changes state from liquid to gas while still in the fuel delivery
　
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