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system. This disrupts the operation of the fuel pump, causing
loss of feed pressure to the carburetor or fuel injection system,
resulting in transient loss of power or complete stalling.
Restarting the engine from this state may be difficult. The fuel
can vaporise due to being heated by the engine, by the local
climate, or due to a lower boiling point at high altitude.
VASI. See visual approach slope indicator.
Vehicle. Manmade means of transportation; an ultralight
aircraft (not a light-sport aircraft).
Venturi. A specially shaped restriction in a tube designed
to speed up the flow of fluid passing through in accordance
with Bernoulli’s principle. Venturis are used in carburetors
and in many types of fluid control devices to produce a
pressure drop proportional to the speed of the fluid passing
through them.
Venturi Effect. The effect of Bernoulli’s principle, which
states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as it is speeded up
without losing or gaining any energy from the outside.
Verified. Confirmation of information or configuration
status.
Vertical axis (yaw). An imaginary line passing vertically
through the center of gravity of an aircraft. The vertical axis
is called the z-axis or the yaw axis.
Vertical speed indicator (VSI). An instrument that uses
static pressure to display a rate of climb or descent in feet
per minute. The VSI can also sometimes be called a vertical
velocity indicator (VVI).
Vertigo. A type of spatial disorientation caused by the
physical senses sending conflicting signals to the brain.
Vertigo is especially hazardous when flying under conditions
of poor visibility and may cause pilot incapacitation, but may
be minimized by confidence in the indication of the flight
instruments.
VFR. See visual flight rules.
VFR Terminal Area Charts. Charts designated to depict
Class B airspace in greater detail and greater scale than
sectional charts.
G-19
Vg diagram. A chart that relates velocity to load factor. It
is valid only for a specific weight, configuration and altitude
and shows the maximum amount of positive or negative lift
the airplane is capable of generating at a given speed. Also
shows the safe load factor limits and the load factor that the
aircraft can sustain at various speeds.
VNE. See never-exceed speed.
VNO. See maximum structural cruising speed.
VS. See stalling speed.
VX. See best angle-of-climb speed.
VY. See best rate-of-climb speed.
Victor airways. Airways based on a centerline that extends
from one VOR or VORTAC navigation aid or intersection,
to another navigation aid (or through several navigation aids
or intersections); used to establish a known route for en route
procedures between terminal areas.
Visual approach slope indicator (VASI). A visual aid of
lights arranged to provide descent guidance information
during the approach to the runway. A pilot on the correct
glideslope will see red lights over white lights.
Visual flight rules (VFR). Rules in the Code of Federal
Regulations that govern the procedures for conducting flight
under visual conditions.
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Meteorological
conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from
cloud, and ceiling meeting or exceeding the minimums
specified for VFR.
VSI. See vertical speed indicator.
Wake turbulence. Wingtip vortices that are created when
an aircraft generates lift. When an aircraft generates lift, air
spills over the wingtips from the high pressure areas below
the wings to the low pressure areas above them. This flow
causes rapidly rotating whirlpools of air called wingtip
vortices or wake turbulence.
Warm front. The boundary area formed when a warm air
mass contacts and flows over a colder air mass. Warm fronts
cause low ceilings and rain.
Warning area. An area containing hazards to any aircraft
not participating in the activities being conducted in the
area. Warning areas may contain intensive military training,
gunnery exercises, or special weapons testing.
Waypoint. A designated geographical location used for route
definition or progress-reporting purposes and is defined in
terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.
Washout. The design of the WSC wing in which a wing
is twisted so its angle of attack is less at the tip than at the
root. Washout decreases the lift the wing produces at the tip
to improve the stall characteristics of the wing. Also called
twist.
Washout strut. The structural member attached to the
leading edges which holds the tip twist for the wing at low
　
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