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For less twist, rotate down
Wing Twist Adjustment
UP
DOWN
Figure 5-38. Carefully zipping bag with minimum stress by tucking
in wires and organizing components.
Wing Tuning
Wings are designed to fly straight with a range of trim speeds
determined by the manufacturer. If the wing does not fly
straight or trim to the manufacturer’s specifications, it must
be tuned to fly properly. Any wing adjustment can change the
handling and stability characteristics of the wing. Each wing
is unique and the tuning procedures are unique for each wing.
It is very important to follow the specific tuning procedures
in the POH/AFM for the specific wing. The following are
general guidelines to understand the tuning process.
Tuning the Wing To Fly Straight
Wings may turn to the right or left (depending on which way
the propeller turns) at high power settings because of the
turning effect described earlier in the aerodynamics section.
If it does not fly straight for cruising flight, visually examine
for any asymmetric right and left features on the wing
before making any adjustments. Look for symmetry in the
twist angle. Inspect the leading edge for any discontinuities,
bumps, or an irregular leading edge stiffener. Ensure the
pockets are zippered and symmetrical on both sides. Ensure
the reflex lines are clear, straight, and routed properly. Check
the battens to ensure the right and left match (do not make
any adjustments in the battens initially because reflex may
have been added at the factory initially for tuning), and
ensure the battens match the manufacturer’s batten pattern.
Check the batten tension on both sides and the leading edge
tension to ensure it is symmetrical. If it is a used wing just
acquired, research the history of the wing to see what might
have happened which would cause it to not fly straight. For
new wings, contact the manufacturer for advice.
If these checks do not make the wing fly straight, then
adjust the twist in the wing according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. More twist on one side decreases angle of attack,
produces less lift, and will drop the wing, which makes it turn
in the direction where more twist was added. For example,
with an unwanted left hand turn, either decrease the twist
on the left hand wing (increase angle of attack at the tip) or
increase the twist on the right hand wing (decrease the angle
of attack at the tip).
Batten tension is one way of fixing very mild turns. Increasing
the batten tension at the tips especially decreases twist and
raises the wing. For normal mild turns, most wings have an
adjustment at the tip where you can rotate the wing tip around
the leading edge. This is the easiest and most effective wing
twist adjustment. [Figure 5-39] For some models, reflex at the
root can be adjusted on a side to adjust a significant turn. More
reflex on a side means wing up, similar to reducing twist in a
wing. As emphasized above, the POH for each manufacturer
must be used for adjusting twist for wing tuning.
Adjusting the tension on the leading edge is another method
of adjusting the wing twist. However, different wings will
react differently when tension is adjusted, so the POH must
be followed for a particular wing. Some manufacturers do
not suggest adjusting sail tension to adjust twist, but require
equal tension with other adjustments to remedy an unwanted
turn. For those wings utilizing asymmetrical sail tension to
adjust twist, the following information is provided. Adjusting
sail tension is most effective on slower wings with lots of
twist. Adjusting sail tension affects some high performance
wings differently, making it necessary to consult the POH.
However, on most wings, increasing sail tension at the tip
increases leading edge flex, resulting in more twist.
Tuning the Wing To Fly Slower or Faster
Most wings allow the hang point attachment to move forward
to increase trim speed and back to decrease trim speed.
If there is a situation where the hang point is at the most
forward position and the wing trims below the manufacturer
5-15
Figure 5-40. Laminated index cards are handy for checklists, and
sized to fit into the flight suit zippered pocket.
Figure 5-41. Registration and airworthiness certificates are required
to be in plain view.
recommended speed, or the trim speed is within 10 miles
per hour (mph) of the stall speed, an alternate method for
increasing the trim speed is needed. For this situation, the
twist must be reduced symmetrically to increase the angle
of attack on the tips so they provide more lift and lower the
　
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