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into the collector and the new level of combined water and
alcohol equals the amount of alcohol in the fuel. Compare
this amount of alcohol and the amount of fuel to determine
the percentage of alcohol content in the fuel.
Methyl tertiary–butyl ether (MTBE) does not have the
corrosive or water attractive properties of the previously
mentioned additives and is added to fuel to improve air
quality. It has been banned in several states because it is
carcinogenic and has been found in ground water. It does not
attract water, but it is expensive, and found only in some of
the better grade fuels.
Fuel Contamination
Clean fuel is imperative for the safe operation of a WSC
aircraft. Of the accidents attributed to powerplant failure from
fuel contamination, most have been traced to:
• Failure to remove contamination from the fuel system
during prefl ight.
• Servicing aircraft with improperly fi ltered fuel from
small tanks or drums.
• Storing aircraft with partially fi lled fuel tanks.
• Lack of proper maintenance.
Rust is common in metal fuel containers and is a common
fuel contaminant. Metal fuel tanks should be fi lled after each
fl ight, or at least after the last fl ight of the day to prevent
moisture condensation within the tank.
Another way to prevent fuel contamination is to avoid
refueling from cans and drums. Use a water fi ltering funnel
or a funnel with a chamois skin when refueling from cans or
drums. However, the use of a chamois will not always ensure
decontaminated fuel. Worn out chamois will not fi lter water;
neither will a new, clean chamois that is already water-wet or
damp. Most imitation chamois skins will not fi lter water.
Bad Gasoline
Letting fuel sit for weeks without using it will cause it to go
bad. Even if gas does not go bad, it will often lose octane
with time. For premixed gasoline and two-stroke oil, there
is another set of problems. Fuel and oil are normally mixed
at a 50:1 ratio. If premixed gas sits in a plastic container for
a while, the gas will evaporate leaving a richer oil mixture
in the container. In any case, fresh gas should be used when
possible.
Refueling Procedures
Never mix oil and fuel in an enclosed area. Not only are the
fumes irritating, but with the right fuel/air mixture can cause
an explosion. Do all oil and gas mixing outside. Refueling
from fuel cans should also be done outside. Never smoke
while refueling. Be careful when refueling an aircraft that has
just landed. There is danger of spilling fuel on a hot engine
component, particularly an exhaust system component.
Refueling should be done using only safety-approved fuel
containers marked with the type of fuel stored in them.
Confusing premixed fuel and fuel that has no oil in it can
be disastrous.
4-16
Figure 4-19. With these translucent containers, it can be noted that
the left hand container is just auto fuel and the right hand container
shows the auto fuel is premixed with oil for a two-stroke engine.
Metal Versus Plastic Fuel Containers
There are advantages to using both metal and plastic
containers. Metal cans will not allow the sun’s ultraviolet
rays in to harm the fuel. It also will not develop static charges
that a plastic container develops. However, a metal can is
more prone to sweating when going from cool to warm
temperatures on humid days. Metal cans and gas tanks are
best kept either empty or full of fuel to leave no room for
moist air.
Plastic fuel containers are easy to handle, inexpensive,
available at discount stores, and do not scratch the fi nish on
airframes. Plastic cans also do not sweat, and do not need to
be stored topped off. However, fuel does deteriorate a little
faster in plastic. Also, plastic containers can get charged
with static electricity while sliding around in the bed of a
pickup truck, especially if the truck has a plastic bed liner.
[Figure 4-19]
Many states now have laws prohibiting people from fi lling
plastic containers unless fi rst placed on the ground. Static
electricity can also be formed by the friction of air passing
over the surfaces of a WSC aircraft in fl ight and by the
fl ow of fuel through the hose and nozzle during refueling,
if fueling at a pump. Nylon, Dacron, and wool clothing are
especially prone to accumulate and discharge static electricity
from the person to the funnel or nozzle. To guard against the
possibility of static electricity igniting fuel fumes, a ground
wire should be attached to the aircraft before the fuel cap is
removed from the tank. The refueling nozzle should then
　
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