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than pressure altitude. If the temperature is below standard,
the density altitude is lower than pressure altitude. This is an
important altitude because it is directly related to the PPC’s
performance.
Departure leg. The leg of the rectangular traffic pattern
that is a straight course aligned with, and leading from, the
takeoff runway.
Designated pilot examiner (DPE). An individual designated
by the FAA to administer practical tests to pilot applicants.
Detonation. The sudden release of heat energy from fuel in
an aircraft engine caused by the fuel-air mixture reaching
its critical pressure and temperature. Detonation occurs as a
violent explosion rather than a smooth burning process.
Dew. Moisture that has condensed from water vapor. Usually
found on cooler objects near the ground, such as grass, as
the near-surface layer of air cools faster than the layers of
air above it.
Dewpoint. The temperature at which air reaches a state of
water saturation.
Dihedral. The positive acute angle between the lateral
axis of an airplane and a line through the center of a wing
or horizontal stabilizer. Dihedral contributes to the lateral
stability of an aircraft.
Directional stability. Stability about the vertical axis of an
aircraft, whereby an aircraft tends to return, on its own, to
flight aligned with the relative wind when disturbed from that
equilibrium state. The wing design is the primary contributor
to directional stability, causing a WSC in flight to align with
the relative wind.
Ditching. Emergency landing in water.
Double-surface wing. Two pieces of fabric for most of the
WSC wing which enclose the crossbar; typically used for
higher speed wings.
Downwind leg. Leg of the traffic pattern flown parallel to the
landing runway, but in a direction opposite to the intended
landing direction.
DPE. See designated pilot examiner.
Drag. An aerodynamic force on a body acting parallel and
opposite to the relative wind. The resistance of the atmosphere
to the relative motion of an aircraft. Drag opposes thrust and
limits the speed of the aircraft.
Drag coefficient (CD). A dimensionless number used to
define the amount of total drag produced by an aircraft.
Drift angle. Angle between heading and track.
Drift correction. Correction that is applied to counter the
affects of wind on an aircraft’s flight and ground track.
G-7
Dual flight. Flight time that is received and logged as training
time. Dual flight time must be endorsed by a Certificated
Flight Instructor.
Dynamic hydroplaning. A condition that exists when
landing on a surface with standing water deeper than the
tread depth of the tires. When the brakes are applied, there
is a possibility that the brake will lock up and the tire will
ride on the surface of the water, much like a water ski. When
tires are hydroplaning, directional control and braking action
are virtually impossible. An effective anti-skid system can
minimize the effects of hydroplaning.
Dynamic pressure. The pressure a moving fluid would have
if it were stopped. Reference 14 CFR section 61.51(h).
Dynamic stability. The property of an aircraft that causes
it, when disturbed from straight-and level flight, to develop
forces or moments that restore the original condition of
straight and level.
EFAS. See En Route Flight Advisory Service.
EGT. See exhaust gas temperature.
E-LSA (Experimental Light-Sport Aircraft). An aircraft
issued an experimental certificate under 14 CFR part 21.
ELT. See emergency locator transmitter.
Emergency frequency. Frequency that is used by aircraft in
distress to gain ATC assistance.121.5 MHz is an international
emergency frequency guarded by Flight Service Stations and
some military and civil aircraft. Reference AIM paragraph
6-3-1.
Emergency locator transmitter (ELT). A small, selfcontained
radio transmitter that will automatically, upon the
impact of a crash, transmit an emergency signal on 121.5,
243.0, or 406.0 MHz.
Energy management. The ability for a pilot to maintain
high kinetic energy levels in turbulent air and while near
the ground is energy management for WSC. Higher speed
and higher power is higher energy. Lower speed and lower
power is lower energy.
En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS). An en route
weather-only AFSS service.
Encoding altimeter. A special type of pressure altimeter
used to send a signal to the air traffic controller on the ground,
showing the pressure altitude the aircraft is flying.
Error chain. A series of mistakes that may lead to an accident
　
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