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fixed in the cockpit and visible to the pilot. Placards are used
for operating limitations (e.g., weight or speeds) or to indicate
the position of an operating lever (e.g., landing gear retracted
or down and locked).
Planform. The shape or form of a wing as viewed from
above. It may be long and tapered, short and rectangular, or
various other shapes.
POH. See Pilot's Operating Handbook.
Positive Dynamic Stability. The tendency over time for an
aircraft to return to a predisturbed
state.
Position lights. Lights on an aircraft consisting of a red
light on the left wing, a green light on the right wing, and
a white light on the tail. The Code of Federal Regulations
requires that these lights be displayed in flight from sunset
to sunrise.
Positive static stability. The initial tendency to return to a
state of equilibrium when disturbed from that state.
Porpoising. Oscillating around the lateral axis of the aircraft
during landing.
Powered parachute (PPC). A powered aircraft comprised
of a flexible or semi-rigid wing connected to a fuselage (cart)
so that the wing is not in position for flight until the aircraft
is in motion. The fuselage of a powered parachute contains
the aircraft engine, a seat for each occupant and is attached
to the aircraft’s landing gear.
Power-off descent. Aircraft configuration where a descent
occurs with power at idle.
Powerplant. A complete engine and propeller combination
with accessories.
PPC. See powered parachute.
PPCL. Powered parachute land.
PPCS. Powered parachute sea.
Practical test. Flight test administered by an FAA examiner
or designated examiner as a prerequisite for pilot certification.
Successful completion of the practical test is required to
earn a pilot certificate or rating. Commonly known as a
checkride.
Practical Test Standards (PTS). An FAA published
document of standards that must be met for the issuance
of a particular pilot certificate or rating. FAA inspectors
and designated pilot examiners use these standards when
conducting pilot practical tests, and flight instructors use the
PTS while preparing applicants for practical tests.
Preflight inspection. Aircraft inspection conducted
to determine if an aircraft is mechanically and legally
airworthy.
Preignition. Ignition occurring in the cylinder before the
time of normal ignition. Preignition is often caused by a
local hot spot in the combustion chamber igniting the fuel/air
mixture.
Pressure altitude. The altitude indicated when the altimeter
setting window (barometric scale) is adjusted to 29.92. This
is the altitude above the standard datum plane, which is a
theoretical plane where air pressure (corrected to 15 ºC)
equals 29.92 "Hg. Pressure altitude is used to compute density
altitude, true altitude, true airspeed, and other performance
data.
Private airport. Airport that is privately owned and not
available to the public without prior permission. They are
depicted on sectional charts for emergency and landmark
purposes.
Private Pilot Certificate. An FAA-issued pilot certificate
permitting carriage of passengers on a not-for-hire basis.
Reference 14 CFR part 61.
Prohibited area. Designated airspace within which flight
of aircraft is prohibited.
Propeller. A device for propelling an aircraft that,
when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust
approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It
includes the control components normally supplied by its
manufacturer.
G-14
Propeller blade angle. The angle between the propeller
chord and the propeller plane of rotation.
Propeller blast. The volume of air accelerated behind a
propeller producing thrust.
Propeller slipstream. The volume of air accelerated behind
a propeller producing thrust.
PTS. See Practical Test Standards.
Public airport. Airport that is available to the aviation
public.
Pusher configuration. Propeller configuration where the
propeller shaft faces the rear of the aircraft. Thrust produced
by the propeller pushes the aircraft, rather than pulling it.
Reciprocating engine. An engine that converts the heat
energy from burning fuel into the reciprocating movement of
the pistons. This movement is converted into a rotary motion
by the connecting rods and crankshaft.
Reduction gear. The gear arrangement in an aircraft engine
that allows the engine to turn at a faster speed than the
propeller.
Reflex. The opposite curvature of the airfoil at the trailing
edge which produces a positive pitching moment of the
　
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