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S-LSA an airspeed indicator is usually required, and engine
manufacturers require certain instruments be installed on the
aircraft to monitor the performance of the particular engine.
Flight Instruments
The specifi c theory of operation and details of instruments is
covered in the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge,
and is a prerequisite to this section on fl ight instruments. The
altimeter is the most important fl ight instrument and should
be on every WSC aircraft. It is used to maintain the proper
altitude at airports, during cruise, and provides other aircraft
position information for the safety of all.
The vertical speed indicator (VSI) is one tool to assist the pilot
with the performance of the aircraft. The airspeed indicator
(ASI) is used to optimize performance of the aircraft, compare
predicted to actual performance, and to operate within the
limitations of the aircraft.
Navigation Instruments
A global positioning system (GPS) is typically used as a
navigation and fl ight aid for most WSC aircraft. A magnetic
compass is commonly used as a primary navigation system
or as a backup when a GPS system is used.
Engine Instruments
There is a variety of engine instruments that are used. The
most basic is the engine rpm, which determines the power
of the engine. Specifi c engine instruments are discussed in
the powerplant section.
Instrument Panel Arrangements
Instrument panels vary greatly from the basic to the complex.
Figure 3-44 depicts a standard instrument panel supplied
by the manufacturer with a portable GPS added in the
middle. Electrical components are neatly arranged along the
top. Large analog airspeed (left) and altitude (right) fl ight
instruments are installed in the middle with the portable
GPS installed between the two. The bottom stack consists
of the basic engine instruments for a simple two-stroke aircooled
engine: RPM for power (top), CHT (middle) and
EGT (bottom).
A more advanced analog panel with a user radio and GPS
added is shown in Figure 3-45. Airspeed, vertical speed
indicator, and altitude large fl ight instruments are along
3-18
Figure 3-46. Instrument hybrid—analog airspeed and compass
indicator with separate digital instruments.
Figure 3-47. Digital instrument panel.
Magnetic Compass
Radio Communications
System Electric
Switches
Transponder
Ignition
Main Electric Switch
Digital Panel for
• Flight Instruments
• Engine Instruments
• GPS
Flight
Timer
Radio
Airspeed
CHT
RPM
EGT
VSI
Altitude
Magnetic
Compass
GPS
Phone
Volts
Master
Strobe
Figure 3-45. Full analog instruments.
Oil Pressure
Airspeed Master Elec
Volts
Fuel
Level
EGT
GPS
VSI
CHT
Altitude
Oil
Temp.
Radio
Strobe
Direction
the top. A navigational gyro is in the middle of the panel.
The bottom row consists of four-stroke engine instruments,
electrical and remote fuel gauge. The user installed radio and
GPS complete a well equipped instrument panel. A hybrid
panel of analog, digital, and portable instruments is shown
in Figure 3-46.
The integrated digital panel does provide more options
in a smaller space. One panel can now have aircraft
performance screens, engine systems screens, navigation
screens, communications screens, attitude indicator, and any
combination of these. [Figure 3-47]
3-19
Figure 3-49. Flight deck and aircraft radio communications system example.
Battery Head Phone 2—
Passenger
Head Phone 1—Pilot
P.T.T. 1—Push To Talk
P.T.T. 2 (optional)
used for
instructor
during training
Head phones disconnect
Radio
Fuse
Optional Device
music or cell phone
Some systems require an intercom
box for headphones to plug into.
OFF
2
1
Head
Phone 2
Head
Phone 1
Head Phones
Figure 3-48. Basic pilot-to-passenger communication system.
Communications
There are three types of communications systems used in
WSC aircraft:
1. Communications between the pilot and passenger
while inside the aircraft.
2. Aircraft radio communications with other aircraft and
control towers.
3. Radar position indicator communications from the
WSC aircraft to control towers (transponder).
Easy and clear communications between the pilot and
passenger, or between the instructor and student inside
　
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