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airspace. [Figures 8-3 and 8-7] Also Class E is federal
airways beginning at 1,200 feet AGL extending 4 nautical
miles (NM) on each side, extending up to 18,000 feet.
Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace
begins at 1,200 AGL over the United States, including that
airspace overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of
the 48 contiguous states and Alaska, and extends up to but
not including 18,000 feet.
There are no specific communications requirements
associated with Class E airspace [Figure 8-5]; however, some
Class E airspace locations are designed to provide approaches
for instrument approaches, and a pilot would be prudent to
ensure that appropriate communications are established when
operating near those areas.
8-6
Restricted
Restricted
Military
Operations
Area
CLASS D
Airspace
Surface to
6,400 MSL
Class E
to surface
CLASS G surface to 700 AGL. CLASS E above 700 AGL
CLASS G surface
to 1,200 AGL.
CLASS E above
Figure 8-8. Class D airspace shown on a sectional chart.
CLASS E above 700 AGL
CLASS E above 700 AGL
CLASS E above 700 AGL
CLASS E above 1,200 AGL
CLASS E to surfaceCLASS surface
CLASS E above 12,300 MSL
FEDERAL WAYFEDERAL AIR WAY FEDERAL WAYFEDERAL AIR WAY
CLASS E above 1,200 AGL
Figure 8-7. Class E airspace as shown on a sectional chart.
If WSC aircraft operations are being conducted below 10,000
feet MSL, minimum visibility requirements are three statute
miles and basic VFR cloud clearance requirements are
1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontal
(remember the C152 mnemonic). Operations above 10,000
feet MSL for private pilots of WSC aircraft require minimum
visibility of fi ve statute miles and cloud clearances of at least
1,000 feet above, 1,000 feet below, and one statute mile
horizontally. [Figure 8-5] See Figure 8-6 for specifi c VFR
visibility requirements.
Towered Airport Operations
All student pilots must have an endorsement to operate within
Class B, C, and D airspace and within airspace for airports
that have a control tower, per 14 CFR section 61.94 or 14 CFR
section 61.95. Only private pilot students can operate within
Class B airspace with the proper endorsements per 14 CFR
section 61.95. Sport pilots must also have an endorsement
per 14 CFR section 61.325 to operate within Class B, C, and
D airspace and within airspace for airports with a control
tower. [Figure 8-5] All students and Sport pilots have further
restrictions regarding the specifi c Class B airports out of
which they may operate, per 14 CFR section 91.131.
Class D Airspace
Class D is that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL
(but charted in MSL) surrounding smaller airports with
an operational control tower. [Figures 8-3 and 8-8] The
confi guration of each Class D airspace area is individually
tailored. When instrument procedures are published, the
airspace is normally designed to contain the procedures.
Unless otherwise authorized, each aircraft must establish twoway
radio communications with the ATC facility providing
air traffi c services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter
maintain those communications while in the airspace. Radio
contact should be initiated far enough from the Class D
airspace boundary to preclude entering the Class D airspace
before two-way radio communications are established. It is
important to understand that if the controller responds to the
initial radio call without using the WSC aircraft’s call sign,
radio communications have not been established, and the
WSC aircraft may not enter the Class D airspace.
Many airports associated with Class D airspace do not
operate a control tower on a 24-hour-a-day basis. When not
in operation, the airspace will normally revert to Class E or
G airspace, with no communications requirements. Refer to
the AF/D for specifi c hours of operation airports.
The minimum visibility requirements for Class D airspace
are three statute miles; cloud clearances are the 1,000 above,
500 below and 2,000 vertical. [Figure 8-6]
Class C Airspace
Class C airspace normally extends from the surface to 4,000
feet above the airport elevation surrounding those airports
having an operational control tower, that are serviced by a
radar approach control, and with a certain number of IFR
8-7
Figure 8-9. Class C airspace as shown on a sectional chart.
Figure 8-10. Class B airspace as shown on a sectional chart.
and passenger enplanements (larger airline operations).
[Figures 8-3 and 8-9] This airspace is charted in feet MSL,
　
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