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FIG 1-1-10
Coverage Volumes
3-D Representation
3. Environment. The system has low susceptibility
to interference from weather conditions and
airport ground traffic.
4. Channels. MLS has 200 channels- enough
for any foreseeable need.
5. Data. The MLS transmits ground-air data
messages associated with the systems operation.
6. Range information. Continuous range information
is provided with an accuracy of about
100feet.
1-1-12. NAVAID Identifier Removal During
Maintenance
During periods of routine or emergency maintenance,
coded identification (or code and voice, where
applicable) is removed from certain FAA NAVAIDs.
Removal of identification serves as a warning to
pilots that the facility is officially off the air for
tune-up or repair and may be unreliable even though
intermittent or constant signals are received.
NOTEDuring
periods of maintenance VHF ranges may radiate
a T-E-S-T code (--).
AIM 2/14/08
1-1-16 Navigation Aids
NOTEDO
NOT attempt to fly a procedure that is NOTAMed out
of service even if the identification is present. In certain
cases, the identification may be transmitted for short
periods as part of the testing.
1-1-13. NAVAIDs with Voice
a. Voice equipped en route radio navigational aids
are under the operational control of either an FAA
Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) or an
approach control facility. The voice communication
is available on some facilities. Hazardous Inflight
Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) broadcast
capability is available on selected VOR sites
throughout the conterminous U.S. and does not
provide two‐way voice communication. The availability
of two‐way voice communication and HIWAS
is indicated in the A/FD and aeronautical charts.
b. Unless otherwise noted on the chart, all radio
navigation aids operate continuously except during
shutdowns for maintenance. Hours of operation of
facilities not operating continuously are annotated on
charts and in the A/FD.
1-1-14. User Reports on NAVAID
Performance
a. Users of the National Airspace System (NAS)
can render valuable assistance in the early correction
of NAVAID malfunctions by reporting their
observations of undesirable NAVAID performance.
Although NAVAIDs are monitored by electronic
detectors, adverse effects of electronic interference,
new obstructions or changes in terrain near the
NAVAID can exist without detection by the ground
monitors. Some of the characteristics of malfunction
or deteriorating performance which should be
reported are: erratic course or bearing indications;
intermittent, or full, flag alarm; garbled, missing or
obviously improper coded identification; poor
quality communications reception; or, in the case of
frequency interference, an audible hum or tone
accompanying radio communications or NAVAID
identification.
b. Reporters should identify the NAVAID, location
of the aircraft, time of the observation, type of
aircraft and describe the condition observed; the type
of receivers in use is also useful information. Reports
can be made in any of the following ways:
1. Immediate report by direct radio communication
to the controlling Air Route Traffic Control
Center (ARTCC), Control Tower, or FSS. This
method provides the quickest result.
2. By telephone to the nearest FAA facility.
3. By FAA Form 8000-7, Safety Improvement
Report, a postage-paid card designed for this
purpose. These cards may be obtained at FAA FSSs,
Flight Standards District Offices, and General
Aviation Fixed Base Operations.
c. In aircraft that have more than one receiver,
there are many combinations of possible interference
between units. This can cause either erroneous
navigation indications or, complete or partial
blanking out of the communications. Pilots should be
familiar enough with the radio installation of the
particular airplanes they fly to recognize this type of
interference.
1-1-15. LORAN
a. Introduction
1. The LOng RAnge Navigation-C (LORAN)
system is a hyperbolic, terrestrial-based navigation
system operating in the 90-110 kHz frequency band.
LORAN, operated by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG),
has been in service for over 50 years and is used for
navigation by the various transportation modes, as
well as, for precise time and frequency applications.
The system is configured to provide reliable, all
weather navigation for marine users along the
U.S.coasts and in the Great Lakes.
2. In the 1980's, responding to aviation user and
　
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