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exercise care to properly locate and identify the light signal.
2/14/08 AIM
Airport Lighting Aids 2-1-5
FIG 2-1-8
Alignment of Elements
Above Glide Path On Glide Path Below Glide Path
d. Pulsating Systems. Pulsating visual approach
slope indicators normally consist of a single light unit
projecting a two‐color visual approach path into the
final approach area of the runway upon which the
indicator is installed. The on glide path indication is
a steady white light. The slightly below glide path
indication is a steady red light. If the aircraft descends
further below the glide path, the red light starts to
pulsate. The above glide path indication is a pulsating
white light. The pulsating rate increases as the aircraft
gets further above or below the desired glide slope.
The useful range of the system is about four miles
during the day and up to ten miles at night.
(See FIG 2-1-7.)
e. Alignment of Elements Systems. Alignment
of elements systems are installed on some small
general aviation airports and are a low‐cost system
consisting of painted plywood panels, normally black
and white or fluorescent orange. Some of these
systems are lighted for night use. The useful range of
these systems is approximately three‐quarter miles.
To use the system the pilot positions the aircraft so the
elements are in alignment. The glide path indications
are shown in FIG 2-1-8.
2-1-3. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
REILs are installed at many airfields to provide rapid
and positive identification of the approach end of a
particular runway. The system consists of a pair of
synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each
side of the runway threshold. REILs may be either
omnidirectional or unidirectional facing the approach
area. They are effective for:
a. Identification of a runway surrounded by a
preponderance of other lighting.
b. Identification of a runway which lacks contrast
with surrounding terrain.
c. Identification of a runway during reduced
visibility.
2-1-4. Runway Edge Light Systems
a. Runway edge lights are used to outline the edges
of runways during periods of darkness or restricted
visibility conditions. These light systems are
classified according to the intensity or brightness they
are capable of producing: they are the High Intensity
Runway Lights (HIRL), Medium Intensity Runway
Lights (MIRL), and the Low Intensity Runway
Lights (LIRL). The HIRL and MIRL systems have
variable intensity controls, whereas the LIRLs
normally have one intensity setting.
b. The runway edge lights are white, except on
instrument runways yellow replaces white on the last
2,000 feet or half the runway length, whichever is
less, to form a caution zone for landings.
c. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit
red light toward the runway to indicate the end of
runway to a departing aircraft and emit green outward
from the runway end to indicate the threshold to
landing aircraft.
2-1-5. In‐runway Lighting
a. Runway Centerline Lighting System
(RCLS). Runway centerline lights are installed on
some precision approach runways to facilitate
landing under adverse visibility conditions. They are
AIM 2/14/08
2-1-6 Airport Lighting Aids
located along the runway centerline and are spaced at
50-foot intervals. When viewed from the landing
threshold, the runway centerline lights are white until
the last 3,000 feet of the runway. The white lights
begin to alternate with red for the next 2,000 feet, and
for the last 1,000 feet of the runway, all centerline
lights are red.
b. Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL). Touchdown
zone lights are installed on some precision
approach runways to indicate the touchdown zone
when landing under adverse visibility conditions.
They consist of two rows of transverse light bars
disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline.
The system consists of steady-burning white lights
which start 100 feet beyond the landing threshold and
extend to 3,000 feet beyond the landing threshold or
to the midpoint of the runway, whichever is less.
c. Taxiway Centerline Lead-Off Lights. Taxiway
centerline lead-off lights provide visual
guidance to persons exiting the runway. They are
color-coded to warn pilots and vehicle drivers that
they are within the runway environment or
instrument landing system/microwave landing system
(ILS/MLS) critical area, whichever is more
restrictive. Alternate green and yellow lights are
installed, beginning with green, from the runway
centerline to one centerline light position beyond the
　
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