29.
If the operating conditions imposed upon the compressor blade departs too far from the design intention, breakdown of airflow and/or aerodynami-cally induced vibration will occur. These phenomena may take one of two forms; the blades may stall because the angle of incidence of the air relative to the blade is too high (positive incidence stall) or too low (negative incidence stall). The former is a front stage problem at low speeds and the latter usually affects the rear stages at high speed, either can lead to blade vibration which can induce rapid destruction. If the engine demands a pressure rise from the compressor, which is higher than the blading can sustain, 'surge' occurs. In this case there is an instan-taneous breakdown of flow through the machine and the high pressure air in the combustion system is expelled forward through the compressor with a loud 'bang' and a resultant loss of engine thrust.
定位保持螺釘
靜子葉片保持環
圖3-13 靜子葉片在壓氣機機匣上的固定方法
Fig. 3-13 Methods of securing vanes to compressor casing.
空氣流量控制
30.當要求在單軸上實現高增壓比時,就必須在壓氣機設計中采用流量控制。控制形式可以是在第一級上安裝可調進氣導向葉片,此外,隨著該軸上的壓比的提高,在隨后的一些級中也采用可調靜子葉片(圖3-15)。當壓氣機轉速從其設計值往下降低時,這些靜子葉片逐漸關小,以使空氣流到后面的轉子葉片上的角度合適。額外的級間放氣也可設置,但是,目前它在設計中的使用通常限于在發動機加速時提供額外的裕度,因為在穩定工作狀態使用效率不高,是對燃油的浪費。有二種放氣系統圖示如下:圖3-16液壓式,圖3-17氣壓式和圖3-18電子式。
Compressors
圖3-14 穩定流量的限制
恒定轉速線
Fig. 3-14 Limits of stable airflow.
Compressors are designed with adequate margin to ensure that this area of instability (fig. 3-14) is avoided.
AIRFLOW CONTROL
30. Where high pressure ratios on a single shaft are required it becomes necessary to introduce airflow control into the compressor design. This may take
喘振區
流量增加
工作線
增壓比增加
不穩定區
安全裕度
the form of variable inlet guide vanes for the first stage plus a number of stages incorporating variable stator vanes for the succeeding stages as the shaft pressure ratio is increased (fig. 3-15). As the compressor speed is reduced from its design value these static vanes are progressively closed in order to maintain an acceptable air angle value onto the following rotor blades. Additionally interstage bleed may be provided but its use in design is now usually limited to the provision of extra margin while the engine is being accelerated, because use at steady operating conditions is inefficient and wasteful of fuel. Three types of air bleed systems are illustrated as follows: fig. 3-16 hydraulic, fig. 3-17 pneumatic and fig. 3-18 electronic.
MATERIALS
31. Materials are chosen to achieve the most cost effective design for the components in question, in practice for aero engine design this need is usually best satisfied by the lightest design that technology allows for the given loads and temperatures prevailing.
圖3-15 典型的可調靜子葉片
Compressors
進口導向葉片關閉(最小流量位置)
活塞
伺服節流活門
膜片
推桿
放氣活門(關閉)
參考壓力
感測流體
膜片
進口導向葉片打開(最大流量位置)
伺服壓力
高壓轉速
壓力信號
壓氣機放氣
低壓燃油
高壓燃油
來自高壓燃油泵
空氣流量控制
轉速信號傳感器
連續放氣
空氣流量控制
調節器和作動筒
放氣活門(打開)
配重活門
可調孔
參考壓力
減壓活門
來自溫度計
圖3-16 一種液壓驅動的放氣活門和進氣導向葉片流量控制系統
Fig. 3-16 A hydraulically operated bleed valve and inlet guide vane airflow control system.
30
32.就機匣設計而言,要求是重量輕而剛性好的結構,能保持精確的轉子葉片尖部間隙,以保證盡可能高的效率。為達到這些要求,在壓縮系統的前部使用鋁合金。因為壓縮溫度提高,后面使用合金鋼。壓縮系統的最后數級在溫度方面提出的要求可能超過最好鋼材的承受能力,故可能需要鎳基合金。目前,鈦合金比鋁合金和鋼更為人們所喜用,尤其在軍用發動機中,鈦合金的高的剛性密度比可以大大減輕重量。盡管初始材料成本很高,隨著新的制造方式的開發,部件成本目前可以保持在較為滿意的水平。
Compressors
圖3-17 一種氣壓驅動的放氣活門系統
33.靜子葉片通常用鋼或者鎳基合金制造,主要要求是在受到吸入物擊傷而出現“溝槽”時仍具有高的疲勞強度。較早的設計規定用鋁合金,但是,因為它承受擊傷的能力不夠,其使用量已經減少。鈦合金可用于低壓區的靜子葉片,但是,不適合壓縮系統后部較小的靜子葉片,因為那里的壓力和溫度較高。其它機械故障可能在轉動和靜止部件之間引起過多的摩擦,摩擦熱能足以使鈦合金起火,進而導致昂貴的修理費用和可能的適航性災難。
34.在轉子盤、鼓筒和葉片設計方面,離心力是主要的,要求是具有最高強度密度比的金屬。這能導致可能最輕的轉子組件,進而減小對發動機結構的作用力,再進一步減輕重量。為此,盡管鈦合金初始成本高,但仍是人們垂青的材料,并已經取代了早期設計中喜愛采用的鋼合金。隨著更高溫度的鈦合金被研制和生產出來,它們正在逐漸取代鎳基合金而用于壓縮系統后部的盤和葉片上。 中國航空網 www.k6050.com 航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn 本文鏈接地址:勞斯萊斯噴氣引擎-中英(16)