燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動機燃油
106.航空燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動機的燃油應(yīng)當(dāng)符合嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)條件,以獲得最佳的發(fā)動機性能、經(jīng)濟性、安全性和翻修壽命。通常燃油分為兩火類,即煤油型燃油和寬餾分汽油型燃油。
Fuel system
GAS TURBINE FUELS
106. Fuels for aircraft gas turbine engines must conform to strict requirements to give optimum engine performance, economy, safety and overhaul life. Fuels are classed under two headings, kerosine-type fuel and wide-cut gasoline-type fuel. 燃油
壓氣機供氣
燃油/空氣
燃油噴嘴
分布活門
燃油的技術(shù)條件
107.通常,燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動機的燃油應(yīng)當(dāng)具備下列品質(zhì):
(1)在所有工作狀態(tài)下是“可以油泵輸送 的”,并易于流動。
(2)在所有地面狀態(tài)下允許發(fā)動機起動,并獲得滿意的空中再點火特性。
(3)在所有狀態(tài)下能夠有效燃燒。
(4)具備盡可能高的熱值。
(5)對燃燒系統(tǒng)或?qū)u輪葉片產(chǎn)生最低的有害影響。
(6)對燃油系統(tǒng)各種部件產(chǎn)生最小的腐蝕影響。
(7)對燃油系統(tǒng)的運動零件提供足夠的潤滑。
(8)將失火的危險減到最低限度。
噴嘴
漩渦室
出口漩渦片
內(nèi)部漩渦片
環(huán)腔
供油臂
主燃油總管
副燃油總管
彈簧
分布配重組件
分布配重
圖10-19 一種空氣霧化噴嘴
Fig. 10-19 An airspray nozzle.
for the governor weights, resulting in fuel being
metered on mass flow rather than volume flow.
105. Changes to a lower grade of fuel can lead to production of carbon, giving a greater flame luminosity and temperature, leading to higher combustor metal temperatures and reduced combustor and turbine life. Fig. 10-20 Fuel flow distributor. 108.燃油的泵送品質(zhì)取決于與燃油的溫度有關(guān)的燃油粘度或稠度。燃油應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠在低達約 -50℃的溫度下良好工作。當(dāng)燃油溫度降低時,可能形成冰晶,造成燃油系統(tǒng)中的燃油濾或一些小孔的堵塞。采用燃油加溫及防冰添加劑可緩和這個問題。
圖10-20 燃油流量分配器
110.燃油的熱值(圖10-21)是每磅或者每加侖燃油于燃燒過程中釋放出來的熱量或能量的一種表達方式。該值通常用英熱單位來表示,它影響一架飛機的航程。當(dāng)限制因素是飛機油箱的容量時,單位容積的熱值應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能高,這樣,對于給定容積的燃油來說,能使獲得的能量更多,因而飛機的航程更遠。當(dāng)有效載荷是限制因素的時候,單位重量的熱值應(yīng)盡可能高,因為可以從最低重量的燃油獲得較多的能量。影響單位容積或單位重量熱值選擇的其他因素也應(yīng)當(dāng)予以考慮;這些有:飛機的種類,飛行時間的長短,以及在燃油重量和有效載荷之間必要
的折衷。
111.渦輪發(fā)動機燃油對燃油部件和燃燒系統(tǒng)起腐蝕作用主要是燃油中含有硫和水的結(jié)果。硫在空氣中燃燒時構(gòu)成二氧化硫;它與水混合就生成硫酸,腐蝕性很強,特別是對于銅和鉛。由于不可能完全去除硫的成分,實質(zhì)上是要將硫控制到最低限度。雖然在使用前游離水已經(jīng)除去,而溶解水,即溶液中的水,是不能有效地除去的,況且當(dāng)燃油儲存在通風(fēng)的飛機上或儲油箱中時(第118段),燃油還會從大氣中吸收潮氣。
109.對于易于起動問題,假設(shè)燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動機已被帶動到要求的轉(zhuǎn)速,則取決于該發(fā)動機能否將燃油噴嘴噴出的霧化燃油良好點火。良好點火取決于燃油下列兩個方面的品質(zhì):
(1)燃油揮發(fā)性;即其易于汽化的能力,特別是在低溫下。
(2)霧化程度,它取決于燃油的粘度、所用的燃油壓力、噴嘴的設(shè)計。
Fuel system
凈熱值
英制熱量單位/英加侖(×1000)
凈熱值
英制熱量單位/磅(×1000)
Fuel requirements
107. In general, a gas turbine fuel should have the following qualities:
(1)
Be 'pumpable' and flow easily under all
operating conditions.
(2)
Permit engine starting at all ground
conditions and give satisfactory flight
relighting characteristics.
(3)
Give efficient combustion at all conditions.
(4)
Have as high a calorific value as possible.
(5)
Produce minimal harmful effects on the combustion system or the turbine blades.
(6)
Produce minimal corrosive effects on the
fuel system components.
(7)
Provide adequate lubrication for the moving parts of the fuel system.
(8)
Reduce fire hazards to a minimum.
108.
The pumping qualities of the fuel depend upon its viscosity or thickness, which is related to fuel temperature, Fuel must be satisfactory down to approximately -50 deg. C. As the fuel temperature falls, ice crystals may form to cause blockage of the fuel filter or the orifices in the fuel system. Fuel heating and anti-icing additives are available to alleviate this problem.
109.
For easy starting, the gas turbine engine depends upon the satisfactory ignition of the atomized spray of fuel from the fuel spray nozzles, assuming that the engine is being motored at the required speed. Satisfactory ignition depends upon the quality of fuel in two ways:
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