E.P.R. and the difference is compared with a programmed datum.
81. During acceleration the comparitor connects the predicted value of N1 to the limiter channel until the difference between the command and actual E.P.R. is approximately 0.03 E.P.R. At this point the predicted L.P. shaft speed is disconnected and the
E.P.R. difference signal is connected to the limiter channel.
82. The final output from the supervisory channel, in the form of an error signal, is supplied to a 'lowest wins' circuit along with the error signals from the limiter channel. While the three error signals remain positive (N1 and E.G.T. below datum level and actual
E.P.R. below command E.P.R.) no output is signalled to the torque motor. If, however, the output stage of the E.S.C. predicts that E.G.T. will exceed datum or that N1 will either exceed its datum or the predicted level for the command E.P.R., then a signal is passed to the torque motor to trim the fuel flow.
LOW PRESSURE FUEL SYSTEM
83. An L.P. system (fig.10-13) must be provided to supply the fuel to the engine at a suitable pressure, rate of flow and temperature, to ensure satisfactory engine operation. This system may include an L.P. pump to prevent vapour locking and cavitation of the fuel, and a fuel heater to prevent ice crystals forming. A fuel filter is always used in the system and in some instances the flow passes through an oil cooler (Part 8). Transmitters may also be used to signal fuel pressure, flow and temperature (Part 12).
FUEL PUMPS
84. There are two basic types of fuel pump, the plunger-type pump and the constant-delivery gear-type pump; both of these are positive displacement pumps. Where low pressures are required at the fuel spray nozzles, the gear-type pump is preferred because of its lightness.
Plunger-type fuel pump
85.
The pump shown in fig. 10-14 is of the single-unit, variable-stroke, plunger-type; similar pumps may be used as double units depending upon the engine fuel flow requirements.
86.
The fuel pump is driven by the engine gear train and its output depends upon its rotational speed and the stroke of the plungers. A single-unit fuel pump can deliver fuel at the rate of 100 to 2,000 gallons per hour at a maximum pressure of about 2,000 lb. per
轉速及溫度控制放大器
79.轉速和溫度控制放大器接受來自熱電偶和轉速傳感器的信號。熱電偶感測排氣溫度,而轉速傳感器感測低壓軸的轉速,在某些情況下感測中壓軸的轉速(N1和N2)。
放大器基本是由轉速和溫度通道組成的,它監視感測到的信號。如果N1,N2或排氣溫度中任何一個超過了預先設定的數據,放大器輸出級被觸發,向電磁閥(第47段)或可調限靜器(第73段)通電,它們超控燃油流量調節器,促使燃油流量減少。當輸入條件(高度、速度、外界溫度或油門桿位置)改變時,限流器只是將控制功能變回燃油流量調節器。這種限制器系統的設計是為了在正常工作和基本燃油系統損壞情況下,防止參數超過它們的設計值。
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發動機管理控制
80.發動機管理控制系統通過微調燃油流量來執行其監控功能,而燃油流量是由燃油流量調節器按程序控制的。這樣就能使發動機的實際功率與給定油門角度下發動機的設計功率相匹配。發動機管理控制裝置通過向燃油流量調節器中的力矩馬達發送一個控制輸出信號來實施管理及限制功能。為了實現其管理功能,發動機管理控制裝置監視下列輸入量:油門角度、發動機引氣狀況、發動機壓比、計算機大氣數據信息(高度、馬赫數和溫度)。依據這些數據,管理通道預計N1的值。N1是為了達到指令性的發動機壓比所需要的轉速,而這個發動機壓比是按照駕駛員設定的油門角度而計算出來的。同時,將指令性的發動機壓比與實際的發動機壓比作比較,其差值與一編入程序的數據相比較。
Fuel system
轉子
燃油出口
油泵
傳動軸
燃油進口
低壓燃油
油泵供油(高壓燃油)
伺服壓力
低壓燃油系統
83.必須配備一個低壓系統(圖10-13),來以適當的壓力、流量、和溫度向發動機供油,以保證發動機工作良好。該系統可以包括一個低壓油泵以防止燃油的汽化阻塞及燃油的氣穴,以及一個燃油加溫器以防止冰晶的形成。系統中通常都有油濾。在某些情況下,燃油流過滑油散熱器(第8章)。還可以裝一些傳感器。用來測取燃油壓力、流量和溫度信號(第12章)。
伺服活塞
圖10-13 一種低壓燃油系統
柱塞
凸輪盤
Fig. 10-14 A low pressure system.
來自控制系統的低壓回油
燃油冷卻
滑油散熱器
滑油出口
燃油濾
滑油進口
82.管理通道的最終輸出,以一個誤差信號的形式,與限制器通道中的誤差信號一起送至“最低獲勝者”線路。若這三個誤差信號都為正值(N1和排氣溫度低于基準數據水平,和發動機實際壓比低于指令性壓比),不向力矩馬達發送信號。但是,如果發動機管理控制裝置的輸出級預測到排氣溫度將超過基準數據,或者相對于指令性發動機壓比,N1將超過基準數據或超過預計的水平,那么,將有一個信號被發送到力矩馬達,用于微調燃油流量。
自動燃油
溫度控制
流量表
去高壓
燃油泵
空氣進口
溫度傳感器
低壓燃油
空氣
滑油
81.在加速過程中,比較器將N1的預計值與限制器通道接通,直到指令性的和實際的發動機壓比之差約為0.03發動機壓比時為止。在這一點,低壓軸轉速預計值與限制器通道脫開,而將發動機壓比之差值信號與限制器通道相連。
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