Armstrong Siddeley Viper
The Viper was designed as a result of experience gained with the larger Sapphire turbojet. Originally built as a 1,640 lb thrust short-life engine for target drones, it later emerged as a long life engine for the Jet Provost. Subsequently the engine was developed by Bristol Siddeley as the power plant for civil executive jets, and Rolls-Royce for present generation trainers and light strike aircraft with a maximum thrust of 4,400 lb (5,000 lb with reheat).
阿姆斯特朗 西德利公司
“威派爾”發動機
17: Water injection
第十七章 噴水
Contents
Introduction Compressor inlet injection Combustion chamber 目錄
緒言
壓氣機進口噴水
燃燒室噴水
injection
緒言
1.燃氣渦輪發動機的最大功率輸出在很大程度上取決于通過發動機的氣流密度或重量。因此,當大氣壓隨著高度增加而減小和/或環境空氣溫度增加時,推力或軸馬力有所減小。在這些條件下,采用水或水/甲醇混合液(冷卻劑)冷卻氣流的方法可恢復功率輸出,有時也用于起飛時增加推力。當甲醇加到水中時,它就有防凍能力,同時也提供了一個額外的燃料源。一種典型的渦輪噴氣發動機推力恢復曲線如圖17-1所示,渦輪螺槳發動機功率恢復和增加曲線如圖17-2所示。
2.把冷卻劑噴到空氣流中的基本方法有兩種。有些發動機把冷卻劑直接噴到壓氣機進口,而把冷卻劑噴射到燃燒室進口通常更適合軸流式壓氣機發動機。這是因為它能夠獲得更均勻的分布,并能噴射更多的冷卻劑。
INTRODUCTION
1. The maximum power output of a gas turbine engine depends to a large extent upon the density or weight of the airflow passing through the engine. There is, therefore, a reduction in thrust or shaft horsepower as the atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, and/or the ambient air temperature increases. Under these conditions, the power output can be restored or, in some instances, boosted for take-off by cooling the airflow with water or
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water/methanol mixture (coolant). When methanol is added to the water it gives anti-freezing properties and also provides an additional source of fuel. A typical turbo-jet engine thrust restoration curve is shown in fig. 17-1 and a turbo-propeller engine power restoration and boost curve is shown in fig. 17-2.
2.
There are two basic methods of injecting the coolant into the airflow. Some engines have the coolant sprayed directly into the compressor inlet, but the injection of coolant into the combustion chamber inlet is usually more suitable for axial flow compressor engines. This is because a more even distribution can be obtained and a greater quantity of coolant can be satisfactorily injected.
3.
When water/methanol mixture is sprayed into the compressor inlet, the temperature of the compressor
Water injection
未使用噴水
3.當水/甲醇混合液噴射到壓氣機進口時,壓氣機進口空氣的溫度降低,因而使空氣密度和推力隨之增加。如果只噴水,它會降低渦輪進口溫度,但是如果加入甲醇,甲醇在燃燒室中燃燒,渦輪進口溫度就會恢復。這樣在沒有調整燃油量的情況下,功率也可以恢復。
使用噴水
由功率限制器控制推力
圖17-1 渦輪噴氣發動機推力的恢復
Fig. 17-1 Turbo-jet thrust restoration.
圖17-2 渦輪螺槳發動機功率的增加
Fig. 17-2 Turbo-propeller power boost.
空氣溫度℃
最大軸馬力%
未采用噴水和甲醇時
采用噴水/甲醇的方法恢復的起飛功率
4.相對于壓氣機的質量流量而言,在燃燒室進口噴射冷卻劑使通過渦輪的質量流量增加了。渦輪的壓力降和溫度降因而減小,其結果導致噴管壓力增加,進而增大了推力。由于噴水,渦輪進口溫度減小,使燃油系統可以設定的燃油流量增加到這樣一個數值,在這個數值下,發動機的最大轉速有所增加,這樣進一步提供了附加的推力。采用甲醇水的混合液時,由于甲醇在燃燒室中燃燒,渦輪進口溫度恢復或部分恢復。
采用噴水/甲醇的方法提高的起飛功率
壓氣機進口噴水
5.壓氣機進口噴水系統如圖l7-3所示,是渦輪螺槳發動機的一個典型系統。當打開噴水系統時,水甲醇混合液從裝在飛機上的水箱抽出送到一臺控制裝置中去。控制裝置通過節流活門計量流到壓氣機進口的混合液流量,節流活門是由伺服活塞控制的。伺服系統把發動機滑油作為工作介質,有一個伺服活門用來凋節滑油的供應。伺服活門打開的程度由控制系統設定,這個控制系統感測螺旋槳扭矩的滑油壓力和作用在膜盒組件上的大氣壓。
來自飛機水箱
高壓滑油進口
高壓滑油
開關控制桿
水和甲醇
大氣
沖刷氣流
高壓滑油
溢滑油
扭矩計滑油
伺服滑油
Fig. 17-3 A typical compressor inlet injection system.
伺服活塞
真空膜盒
大氣膜盒
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