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Definitions
• Stall (Aerodynamic Stall)
– Occurs when the AoA exceeds the critical angle
– The wing then doesn’t produce enough lift to support the
weight of the aircraft
• Stall speed (VS orVS1)
– In following configuration: MTOW @
MSL, Idle power, straight, level
altitude, most forward CG position,
clean configuration.
• Stall speed (VS0)
– Same as above but in landing
configuration (Full flaps)
• However a Stall is only dependant on
the AoA, we can stall at any IAS
Definitions
• Load Factor – “G Force” – “G Loading”
Weight
Load Factor  Lift
cosAngle of Bank
Load Factor  1
Definitions
• Separation Point
• Turbulent Airflow
• Transition Point
• Transition Region
• Boundary Layer
• Stagnation Point
• Streamline/Laminar Airflow
Principles
CL
CL
CL
CL
L
L
L L
W W W W
110kt
4o
70kt
8o
44kt
16o
<44kt
>16o
IAS
AoA
Principles
TP SP
L
4
>16
16
8
CG CP
Nose pitch down
Principles
Usual Symptoms Close to the stall
1. High nose attitude
2. Low IAS
3. Reduced effectiveness of controls
4. Stall Warning
5. Control Buffet
Consequences of a stall
1. Loss of height
2. Nose Pitch Down
Considerations
• Manoeuvres
Actual Stalled Flight path
Attempted 3G
Pullout
Planned
Flight path
70 KIAS
>16º
Considerations
• Manoeuvres
CosAoB
LF  1
V V LF New StallSpeed S  
A stall occurs at an AoA, can occur at any IAS
Considerations
V 44 1.73 New StallSpeed  
Actual Stalled Flightpath
Attempted 3G
Pullout
Planned
Flightpath
V V LF New StallSpeed S  
 S V
V 76.21KIAS New Stall Speed 
70 KIAS
V 44 3 New Stall Speed  
44 KIAS
Considerations
• 60 degree angle of bank CosAoB
LF  1
Cos60 
LF  1
2
0.5
LF  1 
V V LF New StallSpeed S  
V 44 2 New Stall Speed  
V 44 1.41 New StallSpeed  
V 62.23 KIAS New Stall Speed 
Considerations
• Weight
L
L
W
W
16o 16o
44 kt 55 kt
Considerations
• Centre of Gravity
Weight
Lift
Considerations
• Centre of Gravity
Weight
Lift
Considerations
• Ice
• Frost
Considerations
• Flap
Relative Airflow
Stall with flap
Lower Nose Attitude
33 KIAS
Stall without flap
High Nose Attitude
44 KIAS
16º 16º
Considerations
• Stability in the stall
Considerations
• Power
Thrust
TH
TV
Considerations
• Wing drop / Ailerons
Considerations
• Ailerons
Summary
Increase Decrease
• Manoeuvres
• Weight
• Centre of Gravity
• Ice
• Stability
• Flap
• Power
• Ailerons
Air Exercise
• Pre Entry
– Lookout
– Pick reference point
– Manoeuvre checks:
– H
– H
– E
– L
– L
– L
eight sufficient to recover by 3000ft AGL!
atches/Harnesses secure
ngine Temperature & Pressures
ocation – not above a populated area
oose articles secure
ookout (360 degree turn)
Air Exercise • Entry
– Pick a reference point
– Retard throttle, maintaining height (Keep straight with rudder)
– Note the symptoms
• Stall
• Recovery
– (Release back pressure) Lower nose to descending attitude
– Allow speed to increase through 65KIAS, full power
– Ease into the climb
• Wing drop recovery
– Keep aileron neutral
– Apply full opposite rudder to stop yaw and or bank
– (Release back pressure) Lower nose to unstall
– Once unstalled, Centralise the rudder, full power (Keep straight with
rudder)
– Ease into the climb
　
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