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• Weight
– Heavy
– Light
• Surface
– Hard, level, asphalt
– Soft, up-slope, grass
• Temperature
– High temperature
– Low temperature
Considerations
• Recapping
– Wind
– Flap
– Weight
– Surface
– Temperature
Airmanship
• Lookout
• Smooth use of controls and power
• Checks completed and correct
• Follow procedures for MBZ, GAAP or CTA
• Accurate aircraft handling
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
Review
• What are the five legs of a circuit?
• What is a baulked approach?
• In which direction is a standard circuit
flown?
• If you are too high and fast on final, what
would your actions be?
• If you are too low and slow on final, what
would your actions be?
Circuits Pre Flight
Objective
• To safely take-off, fly a complete circuit
and land in a coordinate and correct
manner.
Application
• To take-off and land in a coordinated and
organised manner with other aircraft traffic
present.
• To practise landing / take-off
Review
• What are the five legs of a circuit?
• What is a baulked approach?
• In which direction is a standard circuit
flown?
Airmanship
• Lookout
• Smooth use of controls and power
• Checks completed and correct
• Follow procedures for MBZ, GAAP or CTA
• Accurate aircraft handling
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
• Use of SOP’s
Air Exercise
Air Exercise
• The Landing
AIRPORT BOUNDARY:
Scan the full length of
the runway
FAR END THRESHOLD DISAPPEARS:
Reduce power to idle
Apply back pressure to stop the nose
dropping
Maintain S+L
referencing horizon,
increasing back
pressure as required
“sink” onto the runway
Further positive back
pressure tocontrol final
and raise the dash to
the horizon
DON’T RELAX!
Maintain directional control
with the rudders and brake
as required
Air Exercise
• Balloon
– Never push forward
– Use power to stop excessive sink rate
• Flat approach (not enough back pressure)
Compasses Mass Brief
N S
S N
Pivot Line
Weight
Side View
Considerations
N S
N S
Pivot Line
Weight
N
S
• Acceleration errors
– Due to CoG displacement, acceleration errors
occur. As aircraft accelerates, pivot point
moves with the aircraft, but the magnet is left
behind causing errors, until it is realigned.
Side View Top View
Considerations
• In the southern hemisphere SAND
• South Accelerate, North Decelerate
West Apparent turn to the South Apparent turn to the North
South None None
East Apparent turn to the South Apparent turn to the North
North None None
HDG Acceleration Error Deceleration Error
000
180
270
090
N
S
Considerations
• Turning Errors
– The centripetal force of the turn pulls the pivot point of the
compass into the turn, but the magnet is left behind again
• In the southern hemisphere ONUS
• Overshoot through North, Undershoot through South
HDG 330
HDG 030
000
180
270
090
N
S
030
HDG 330
HDG 030
000
180
270
090
N
S
330
Considerations
• Turning through south
HDG 150
HDG 210
000
180
270
090
N
S
150
HDG 150
HDG 210
000
180
270
090
N
S
210
COMPASSES
Aim
• To understand the principles and
considerations of compass operations.
Application
• Navigation flying
• When DG fails
Overview
• Definitions
• Principles
– Compass Components
• Considerations
– Acceleration Errors
– Turning Errors
• Airmanship
• Review
Definitions
• Earth’s Magnetic Field
Definitions
Simple Bar Magnet
• a magnet freely suspended horizontally
will swing so as its axis points roughly
north/ south
Definitions
Magnetic Variation
• the angular difference between the
magnetic poles and true poles of the
　
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