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• Never exceed any of the aircraft’s
maximum limitations (MTOW or VNE)
Range and Endurance
Mass Brief
Aim
• To Learn the principles of range and
endurance of an aircraft in flight, and the
factors that effect these conditions
Application
• In long distance flying the maximum
Range is important
• When holding the maximum Endurance or
time in the air is important
Overview
• Revision
– Thrust and Power
• Definitions
• Principles
– Range and Endurance
• Considerations
• Airmanship
Revision
• Thrust
• Power
IAS
Thrust
Power
IAS
Definitions
• Range
– Air distance travelled for a given fuel burn-off (distance)
• Endurance
– Time in flight for a given amount of fuel (time)
• Maximum Range Speed
– A certain speed that will allow the aircraft to fly the furthest
distance.
• Maximum Endurance Speed
– A certain speed that will allow the aircraft to stay in the air for the
longest time
• Best Range Speed
– A practical speed that will allow the aircraft to fly the furthest
distance.
• Best Endurance Speed
– A practical speed that will allow the aircraft to stay in the air for
the longest time
Principles
• Maximum Range
– Range is a certain distance,
usually measured in nautical
miles
– Range is dependent on drag
– Maximum range occurs when
total drag is at a minimum
Principles
• Maximum Endurance
– Is a certain amount of time an
aircraft can spend in the air.
– Endurance is dependant on the
power setting of the aircraft
– Power setting determines the
burn-off (usually in Litres per
hour)
– Minimum power means minimal
fuel flow
– Maximum Endurance occurs at
minimum power
Principles
• Best Range
– Is a power setting taken from the POH (5-19)
• Best Endurance
– Is a power setting taken from the POH (5-20)
Considerations
• Effect of Airspeed
Considerations
• Effect of Weight
Considerations
• Effect of Wind
• Power
Considerations
• Effect of Altitude (5-19 and 5-20)
Airmanship
• Always set the power according to cruise tables
in POH
• Always lean the mixture in accordance to the
company policy
• Never exceed any of the aircraft’s maximum
limitations (MTOW or VNE)
Summary of Range and Endurance
• “For best range you should fly high and fast”
• “For best endurance you should fly low and
slow”
Shortfield Take-off & Landing
Aim
• To operate safely and efficiently into and out of a
field of marginal length, using as little runway as
possible.
Application
• short/rough strips
• ALA’s
• obstacle clearance
Review
• Takeoff
– Flap
– Power vs Brakes
– Climb Performance
Review
• Approach & Landing
– Flap
– Power
– Approach Profile
– Landing
Review
Considerations
• Off Profile
• Gusty Conditions
Airmanship
• Lookout
• Smooth coordinated use of controls
• Restrict power on gravel surfaces
• Higher speeds in gusty conditions may be
necessary
• If in doubt, go around
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
Air Exercise
Take off POH Ref 4-15
Lower nose
FLAP 0o
79 kt (BROC)
57kts until 200ft and Clear
of Obstacles then Retract
Flap
“40 kt”
“51 kt ROTATE”
FLAP 10o
Power Vs Brakes
Air Exercise
Landing POH Ref 4-16
Apply maximum braking
without skidding
Maintain full back
pressure
Target Threshold Speed 55
ktMinimal hold-off and flare
Initiate touchdown with idle
power
Increase power as
required to maintain
speed
Normal approach until
300ft.
Raise nose for 62 kt
APPROACH
PROFILE
DOES NOT
CHANGE
“300ft”
Short Field takeoff and landing
Pre Flight
Objective
To safely carry out a take-off,
approach and landing using a field of
marginal length and serviceability with
as little runway as possible
Application
　
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